TOPIC 1

Question 1

some properties of life

Answer 1

1) order
2) energy processing
3) response to environment
4) Reproduction/ Growth and Development
5) evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

Order:

Answer 2

Life exhibits organization-it’s not random (at a cellular and molecular level) uses energy to create that order.

Question 3

Energy Processing:

Answer 3

Organisms process energy to do their required jobs.

Question 4

Response to Environment:

Answer 4

Respond to the environment and stimuli e.g. hares when temperatures get hot increase blood flow to ears to cool core body temperature.

Question 5

Reproduction/ Growth and Development:

Answer 5

reproduce, grow and develop e.g. e.coli when dividing gives rise to e.coli, kids are like their parents —> bc of DNA organisms give rise to progeny that resemble themselves DNA determines the development of a specific organism.

Question 6

Evolutionary Adaptation:

Answer 6

Over thousands of years changes occur that are hereditary that’s why they evolve and adapt to better suit their environment e.g. seahorse adapts to look like the coral environment.

Question 7

2 reasons to classify life?

Answer 7

1. social, dietary, cultural, medical, economic reasons.

2. to measure and monitor the diversity of life.

Question 8

conservation biology

Answer 8

management of nature and biodiversity on earth. requires a detailed record of all forms of life.

• which species are extant, extinct, and lost to extinction.

Question 9

classification of living things

Answer 9

1) physical structures
2) fossil record
3) genetic similarities

Question 10

1. Physical Structure:

Answer 10

not always reliable

• Analogous:
• Homologous:

Question 11

Analogous:

Answer 11

not similar in anatomy but similar in function (wings of bats and birds) don’t have a common ancestor

Question 12

homologous

Answer 12

same design, but different function, have a common ancestor (evolutionary relatedness of two structures)

Question 13

Fossil Record:

Answer 13

not available for all organisms

• not available for every organism
• impossible to obtain DNA from most fossils

Question 14

Genetic Similarities:

Answer 14

Much more accurate
- DNA changes but extremely slowly over centuries
-

Question 15

Changes to DNA sequence overtime can be used as a

Answer 15

“molecular clock”

Question 16

Cladogram:

Answer 16

A representation of relatedness (family tree).

Only shows the branching order, so you can draw it in many ways.

Question 17

Phylogram:

Answer 17

A representation of relatedness where branch lengths are proportional to change ( DNA differences)

	* When counting the units between each branch, only count vertical, not horizontal.
	* Height reflects the evolutionary distance.

Question 18

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 18

• Developed a hierarchy of groups, each one is a “taxon”
  * Binomial system.
  * Based on similarities/differences in physical characteristics of organisms
  * Domain
  * Kingdom
  * Phylum
  * Class
  * Order
  * Family
  * Genus
  * Species

Question 19

acronym for taxonomy system by Linnaeus

Answer 19

Do Kings Play Chess Or Family Games Sometimes

Question 20

Whole genome sequencing data suggests

Answer 20

that in the early evolution of the three domains, there was a lot of DNA exchanged between organisms.

Therefore, clear branches leading from one organism to another cannot always be established

Question 21

Several possible mechanisms for exchanging DNA between organisms:

Answer 21

• Infectious elements bringing DNA from one organism to another.
  - Possible fusion of organisms.
  - Uptake of DNA released from dead organisms.

Question 22

ring of life

Answer 22

No single common ancestor, but a community of primitive cells that exchanged DNA.

Early evolution gave rise to Archaea and Bacteria, and a fusion of these gave rise to eukaryotes.

Question 23

Bacteria

Answer 23

• Small cells
  * Most forms are singular
  * Prokaryotic = lack a nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA
  * One chromosome
  * Chromosome is circular
  * No membrane-bound organelles
  * Most have a cell wall outside the cell membrane
  * Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
  * Membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages.
  * Asexual repoduction common (binary fission)

Question 24

Eukarya

Answer 24

• Large cells
• Most forms are multicellular
• Eukaryotic = DNA bounded by nuclear membrane
• Genome consists of several chromosomes
• Chromosomes are linear
• Cell contains membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria)
• Have a cytoskeleton
• Not all of them have a cell wall, but for those that do, that wall contains no peptidoglycan.
• Membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages.
• Sexual reproduction common, divide by mitosis and meiosis.
Most eukarya (some single celled) are visible to the naked eye.

Question 25

Archaea

Answer 25

• Relatively small cells
• Most forms singular
• Prokaryotic = lack of nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA
• One chromosome is circular
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Most have a cell wall outside the cell membrane
• Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
• Membranes composed of unusual lipids (i.e. branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages.
• Asexual preproduction common (binary fission)
Often live in extreme environments, because of strong membranes.

Question 26

• Domain -

Answer 26

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Question 27

• Species-

Answer 27

the most specific level. These organisms are so similar they can mate and reproduce with each other.

Question 28

• Kingdom -

Answer 28

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria