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Biology 107 > LECTURE 7 > Flashcards

LECTURE 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm. (Without structures or membranes)

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Interior of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.

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3
Q

Organelle

A

Any membrane-bound structure in a eukaryotic cell,

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A
  • No nucleus
  • DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
  • cell walls (bacteria and archaea, but composition is different)
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5
Q

Why did eukaryotes evolve membrane outs organelles

A

They evolved a way to fold their membranes to increase the surface area.

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6
Q

One simple model of endosymbiosis

A

1) ancestral cell that’s anaerobic
2) membrane folding
3) cell size increases
4) produces oxygen
5) aerobic prokaryotic ingested
6) bacterium not destroyed, developed into mitochondria. ( all non-photosynthetic eukaryotes)
7) photosynthesis bacterium ingested (chloroplast) ( all photosynthetic eukaryotes)

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7
Q

The endosymbiosis hypothesis

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplast arose in eukaryotes by endosymbiosis

0 mutually beneficial relationship derived form one cell living inside another cell.

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8
Q

Mitchochondria are descended form an ancient ________. And it closely related to

A

Bacterium. a-proteobacteria (gram negative)

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9
Q

Chloroplasts are descended form an an don’t

A

Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacterium)

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10
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts :

  • have their own DNA (circular)
  • genes are organized like prokaryote genome
  • have their own ribosomes
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11
Q

Ribosomes are big compels of

A

Proteins and RNA molecules

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12
Q

Eukaryotes and prokaryote ribosomes differ in

A

Size and components

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13
Q

The endowment and system contains

A
  • nuclear membrane
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • vacuoles
  • Vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • golgi
  • plasma membrane
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14
Q

All of the endomembrane systems are related by either :

A

1) physical continuity

2) vesicles that transfer from one to another.

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15
Q

What membrane-bound organelles are not part of the endomembrane system

A
  • peroxisomes
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
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16
Q

The nucleus

A
  • stores DNA, is a site for transcription

- contains multiple linear chromosomes

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17
Q

Nuclear envoleop

A
  • double membrane ( each membrane has a phospholipid bilayer)
  • separates the nucleoplasm form the cytoplasm.
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18
Q

Nuclear pore complexes

A
  • span both bilayers

- regulates movement of substances in and out of nucleus

19
Q

Nuclear lamina

A
  • Provides structural support of the nucleus
20
Q

What is the nuclear lamina composed of?

A

Intermediate filament called lamin, which assembles on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.

21
Q

Nuclear envelope membrane order

A
  • inner membrane
  • outer membrane
  • neculear pore
22
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins ( associated together because of electrostatic interaction)

23
Q

DNA is ________ charged, and histones are ________ charged

A

Negatively . Positively

24
Q

Why package DNA?

A
  • organism the nucleus
  • protect DNA form damage
  • make it easier to move replicated DNA into daughter cell during cell division
25
Q

4 hi stone proteins assemble into a

A

Larger 8-subunit complex ( his tone octamer

26
Q

What are the four proteins that assemble into a large 8-sub into complex ?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

27
Q

Histone H1 provides

A

Stability and protection to DNA, involved in packaging of nucleosomes

28
Q

Nucleolus (ribosome production factory)

A
  • this is a visible sub-compartment of the nucleus ( not bound by membrane)
  • site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
  • site of assembly of ribosome protein subunits (each half of the ribosome enter the nucleus separately via nuclear pores)
29
Q

Steps to nucleolus (ribosomes production factory)

A

1) each subunit ( made in cytoplasm) must enter nucleus
2) ribosomal subunits associate with 4 different RNA molecules
3) final assembly occurs in the cytoplasm

30
Q

The tow types of endoplasmic reticulum ER

A

Smooth and rough

31
Q

Cells that provide a lot of proteins will tend to have more

A

Rough ER

32
Q

Cells that provide a lot of lipids (fats) will tend to have more

A

Smooth ER

33
Q

Are both types of ER found in both plants and animals

A

YES

34
Q

RER ribosomes are associated with the

A

Translation of proteins that aren’t destines for the endomembrane system

35
Q

Function of the rough ER

A
  • site of protein synthesis and assembly

- site of quality control

36
Q

Ribosomes (protein factories)

A
  • particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

- assemble all peptides

37
Q

Where does the ribosomes assemble all peptides

A
  • in the cytosol (free ribosomes)

- on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)

38
Q

Smooth ER functions

A
  • ion storage
  • phospholipid, steroid synthesis
  • detox of drugs and alcohol
  • carbohydrate metabolism
39
Q

The Golgi apparatus

A
  • Shipping and receiving
  • contains cisternae
  • cisternal maturation
  • cis face / trans face
40
Q

Cistercian’s

A

Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

41
Q

Cis face

A

“Receiving” side of the golgi (faces nucleus)

42
Q

Trans face

A

“Shipping” side of the golgi (faces away from nucleus)

43
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A
  • modifies products of the ER
  • sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
  • it manufacturers some macromolecules
44
Q

Inclusion cell disease

A

Involves the loss of a modification in the golgi

  • proteins that should go to the lysosome instead get sent outside the cell.

Biology 107 (21 decks)

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