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Biology 107 > LECTURE 5 > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three ways for molecules to move across the membrane

A

1) diffusion (active transport)
2) facilitated diffusion
3) active transport

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2
Q

Diffusion (active transport)

A

Occurs best with small hydrophobic molecules (O2), which are soluble in the bilayer.

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3
Q

(Active transport) When a molecule is more once treated on one side of a membrane

A

Diffusion occurs until equilibrium is reached

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4
Q

Which molecules are from best to warts at diffusing across the membrane in active transport

A

Hydrophobic = BEST

Small uncharged polar = POOR

Large uncharged polar - RARE

Charges (small or large) = NEVER

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5
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water, but solute (sugar) cannot pass.

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6
Q

During osmosis, where dos water move from

A

Water moves from a place of Low solute concentration to higher clout ion concentration

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7
Q

Tonicity

A

The relative contraction of a solute in two solution separated by age range that it cannot pass.

  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
  • hypertonic
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8
Q

Hypotonic (less solute)

A

ANIMAL: influx of water causes osmotic lysis (Lysed). Water going in

PLANT: turger pressure, turgid (normal)

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

ANIMAL: normal (water going in and out)

PLANT: flaccid (water going in and out)

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10
Q

Hypertonic (more solute)

A

ANIMAL: shriveled (water going out)

PLANT: plasmolyzed, cell shrinks, membrane pulls always from cell wall = plasmolysis

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11
Q

Types of diffusion or active transport

A
  • osmosis

- tonicity

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport aided by proteins (transport proteins)

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13
Q

Two types of transport proteins

A
  • channel proteins

- carrier proteins

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14
Q

Channel proteins

A

A specific channel protein per one type of molecule, cell conditions determine whether closed or open

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15
Q

Two examples of channel proteins

A

Aquaporins: facilitates osmosis

Ion channel: allows specific ions

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16
Q

Carrier proteins

A
  • undergo change in shape to trans locate a solute across a membrane.
  • specific molecule transported down its concentration gradient.
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17
Q

Active transport

A

Used to move a substance against the concentration gradient

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18
Q

Active transport requires energy, which kind?

A

ATP

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19
Q

Why do cells do active transport

A
  • to concentrate nutrients in the cell
  • to expel waste
  • establish (chemical/voltage) gradients
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20
Q

What kinds of proteins are involved in active transport

A

Carrier proteins, each septic to one substance

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21
Q

Animal cells Martin a high concentration of ____ and a low concetration of _____

A

High concentration of K+ and a low concentration of Na+

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22
Q

How do cells maintain Na and K levels, and what kind of energy does it use?

A

Sodium-potassium pump, uses ATP

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23
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, breaks down ADP +Pi and released energy

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24
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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25
Q

Pi

A

Phosphate

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26
Q

Active trap org allows cells to establish and maintain

A

Concentration gradients

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27
Q

What are the steps (6) to the sodium-potassium pump?

A

1) cytoplasmic Na+ binds to the sodium-potassium pump.
2) Na+ blinding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
3) phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape. Na+ expelled
4) K+ bonds and triggers release of phosphate groups
5) loss of phosphate restore proteins original shape
6) K+ released, cycle repeated

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28
Q

Because there are 3 Na going out for every 2 K going in, what does this cause

A

An imbalance in charge across the membrane, (more negative inside), causing ions to move

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29
Q

Membrane potential

A

The unique distribution of anions and cations across the plasma membrane.

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30
Q

Tow forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane

A
  • a difference in concentration (chemical force)

- a different in charge (electrical force)

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31
Q

What do the 2 forces that drive ions to diffuse across membrane make

A

Electrochemical gradient

32
Q

What kind of molecule flow done the electrochemical gradient

A

Charged molecules

33
Q

Pumps are responsible for creating

A

Electrogenic pumps

34
Q

For animals, an important electrogenic pump is the

A

Sodium-potassium pump

35
Q

For planets, fungi, and bacteria the electrogenic pump is a

A

Proton pump.

36
Q

Cotransporters

A

Transports a second substance against its own concentration gradient.

37
Q

How can Big molecules (polysaccharides) be transported? And what does it involve?

A

Bulk transporting mechanisms involving the formation of vesicles

38
Q

The membrane for bulk transport is

A

flexible and can bend into different shapes- pinching off into vesicles. This requires energy

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exporting substances out of the cell

40
Q

Processes of bulk transport

A

Exocytosis and endocytosis

41
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

1) phagocytosis
2) pinocytosis
3) receptor-mediated

42
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating (vacuole)

43
Q

Pinocysis

A

Cell drinking (vesicle)

44
Q

Receptor-mediated

A

A mechanism involving receptors to import specific things

45
Q

Recpetors are a sspecofc type of

A

Protein

46
Q

Receptors receive chemical signals from _____

A

Ligands

47
Q

Receptors-mediated endocytosis

A

Receptors binds to a ligand that the cell needs to uptake. Clathrin binds to these receptors on the inside of the cell, gathering them into a pit shape which forms the vesicle. Clathrin is released, ligand is consumed, receptors make their way back to the membrane.

48
Q

Clathrin is a

A

Coat protein that helps facilitate vesicle formation

49
Q

An example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is

A

Fat delivery to cells.

50
Q

What kind of proteins transport fat to cells via the bloodstream

A

Lipoproteins

51
Q

A lipoproteins has a surface

A

Monolayer of phospholipid and cholesterol

52
Q

Lipoprotiens core consists of

A

Triacylglycerols and/or cholesterol

53
Q

Which specific proteins associate with the fat droplet

A

Apolipoprotiens

54
Q

When recpetors on the recipients cell recognize the apoprotein they promote

A

Endocytosis and the uptake of the fats.

55
Q

LDL means

A

Low density lipoprotein

56
Q

HDL means

A

High density lipoproteins

57
Q

LDL

A

Low in density, high in cholesterol

58
Q

HDL

A

High in density due to high protein / lipid ratio.

59
Q

What do the proteins and lipid in HDL do?

A

They remove access cholesterol from blood vessels and transport it to the liver.

60
Q

Which cholosterol is good / bad

A

HDL= good

LDL = bad

61
Q

Primary active transport

A

Systems that perform active transport using ATP directly mediate

(EXAMPLE: Na+ / K+ pump)

62
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Systems that use carrier proteins driven by ion gradients

63
Q

Three descriptions of carrier proteins

A

1) uniporters
2) symporters
3) antiporters

64
Q

Aniporters

A

transports only one type of molecule

65
Q

Symporters

A

Transports two different molecules in the same direction

66
Q

Antiporters

A

Transports two different molecule in opposite directions

67
Q

Types of transport review card

A

1) passive transport -diffusion across membrane, NO energy use
2) active transport - uses energy to move solute against gradients
3) bulk transport - diffusion across plasma membrane using exocytosis and endocytosis

68
Q

The cell membrane is a

A

Fluid barrier that separates the cell interior from the exterior

69
Q

Is the cell membrane strong?

A

NO

70
Q

Bacterial cell walls

A

Provides shape and protection.

71
Q

Both bacteria and animal cells both contian a

A

Much higher concentration of many molecules, compared with their environment.

72
Q

Bacterial cells walls are made of

A

Peptidoglycan

73
Q

What are the tow major classes of cells walls and how are they distinguished?

A

1) gram positive
2) gram negative

They are distinguished based on how they are stained

74
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A
  • simple cell wall structure
  • thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • NO outer layer
75
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A
  • complex cell wall structure
  • thinner layer of peptidoglycan
  • outer membrane
  • carbohydrate portion of lipopolysacchrdies.

(Causes fever due to lipopolysacchrides)

Biology 107 (21 decks)

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