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F & L > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of fungi?

A

Essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems

Break down organic material (leaves, wood, bones, rotting bodies etc.)

Recycle vital nutrients & make nutrients available to other organisms (N, C & P)

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2
Q

What nutrients does fungi recycle?

A

N, C & P

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3
Q

What are some fungi separated by?

A

Septa

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4
Q

What do pores enable?

A

cell - to - cell movement –> exchange of cytoplasm & organelles

Up take nutrients & move them to the tips of hyphae to grow

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5
Q

Coenocytic fungi

A

lack septa

attack sugar rich substrates

hype grow fast

Move material to the tips of the hype to build material around the cell wall

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6
Q

What is the composition of fungal cell walls in most fungi?

A

chitin (polysaccharide) & other polysaccharides (ex: cellulose)

Chitin has a bit of PRO –> N component

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7
Q

Mycelia

A

networks of branched hyphae
branched hyphae –> adapted for absorption
or
pseudo “tissues” –> sexual structures

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8
Q

Hymenium

A

region on the mushroom where meiosis occurs

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9
Q

What do the cells of the fruiting bodies develop into?

A

Basidia or ascus –> Sexual spores

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10
Q

Why do we refer to the sexual structures as pseudo “tissues”?

A

No germ cells –> not true tissues

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11
Q

How are fungi classified in an ecosystem?

A

heterotrophs

absorb nutrients, don’t ingest

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12
Q

How do fungi uptake nutrients?

A

Secrete exoenzymes
break down nutrients
absorb smaller compounds

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13
Q

What are the 4 lifestyles of fungi?

A

Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
Parasites
Necrotrophs
Mutualistic symbionts

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14
Q

Decomposer (saprotroph)

A

perform essential recycling of chemical elements b/w the living & non-living world
-Use exoenzymes & excretes materials that other organisms can use

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15
Q

Parasites

A

Feeds on living material, tissues or body fluids of another species while in or on a host, harm but don’t kill host
living on living material
30% of all fungi

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16
Q

Necrotrophs

A

feed on host & then switch to a saprotroph once the host is dead (kill living host cells)

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17
Q

Mutualistic symbionts

A

symbiotic relationship where both parents benefit

lichens: assoc with fungal & algae
- Most mushrooms, form assoc with roots micohizas

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18
Q

What organisms does fungi form symbiotic relationships with?

A

plants
algae
animals

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19
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

mutually beneficial relationships b/w fungi & plant roots

- Importance  natural ecosystems & agriculture 
- Incres plant productivity  Incres the absorption of phosphorus & other needed minerals 
	- Plant provides C & mushroom provides nitrogen  N cycling  - Mushroom connects from one tree to another, creating water movement
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20
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae (glomeromycetes) highly branched feeding structures in the cell space (not in cell membrane)

- Nutrient exchange across membrane systems 
	- From plant into fungus & vice versa 
- Don’t penetrate cell, cell forms around the arbuscular
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21
Q

What phylum forms endomycorrhizae?

A

glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae

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22
Q

What is an ex of fungus-animal relationship?

A

break down plant material in the guts of cows & grazing mammals

animal provides C
&
Fungi provides nutrients

Ants –> take advantage of digestive power by raising fungi in farms

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23
Q

lichen

A

degrade lithic (rock) & lignicolous (wood) substrates to initiate soil formation

Symbiotic relationship of photosynthetic organisms help in fungal hyphae

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24
Q

What are the parts of lichens?

A

Fungal component –> often a sac fungus (Ascomycete) forms an outer covering & skeletal framework

Algae or cyanobacterium–> occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface

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25
Q

How do lichens reproduce?

A

Sexually (ascus)
OR
Asexually (soredia)

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26
Q

What is the role of mycelium?

A

Gather & absorb nutrients to grow & produce mushrooms

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27
Q

What is an ex of parasitic fungi?

A

Fungi parasitizing a nematode

Hyphae form constricting rings, nematode moves through the soil where these rings are & becomes trapped

Hyphae enables penetration of the tissues –> form haustoria

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28
Q

Haustoria

A

PENETRATES protoplasm of a cell & feeds on cell contents

Acquires enough nutrients to form spores

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29
Q

What are the 2 forms of sexually spore forming structures?

A

Basidiocarp

Ascocarp

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30
Q

What are the 2 forms of assexually spore forming structures?

A

Soredia

Isidia

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31
Q

What does a dikaryote in the sexual life cycle represent?

A

plasogamy has already occurred

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32
Q

Where does reproduction occur in a fungi?

A

Septa

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33
Q

When does basidium form?

A

2 nuclei form via karyogamy –> zygote

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34
Q

Plasogamy

A

cell fusion

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35
Q

Karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion

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36
Q

What part of the sexual life cycle is occurring when you have a haploid nuclei from 2 parents?

A

intervening heterokaryotic stage b/w plasmogamy & karyogamy

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37
Q

What stage only occurs in mushrooms?

A

Dikaryotic stage

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38
Q

How many nuclei does the hyphae that make up the fruiting body usually have?

A

monokaryotic (usually)

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39
Q

What restricts a dikaryon’s growth?

A

Asci

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40
Q

What are the asexual products & processes?

A
  • Produce mitospores
    • Hyphal fragments
    • Specialized thallus structures –> soredia & asidia
    • Budding (spores)
    • Fission (spores) etc.
    • Spores are specialized to be either budded off or undergo fission
41
Q

What do asexual fungi include?

A

mold

yeasts

42
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

simple cell division (budding & fission)

43
Q

What term is used to identify that no recognized sexual stage? & what are those fungi?

A

Deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi

molds & yeasts

44
Q

Anamorph

A

asexual stage of a known sexually reproducing fungi

45
Q

Telomorph

A

fungi named for their sexual stage in case of known sexual & asexual stages

46
Q

What type of spores do sporangium release?

A

haploid

47
Q

What does molecular evidence display that fungi & animals diverged from?

A

unicellular & had flagella

48
Q

Fungi were the earliest colonizers of land as symbionts with which organisms?

A

land plants

49
Q

What type of fungi were the first to come to land?

A

Unicellular living as endomychorizhae

50
Q

Where are Chytrids located?

A

freshwater & terrestrial habitats

51
Q

What is the type of lifecycle of a chytrid?

A

saprotrophic

parasitic

52
Q

Zoosporic

A

mobile, flagellated asexual spore

53
Q

What is unique about the Chytrids?

A

flagellated spores called zoospores

54
Q

What kind of lifecycles are found in the Zygomycota?

A

molds
parasites
saproptrophic
symbionts

55
Q

What lifecycle processes occur on the zygosporangia?

A

plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis

56
Q

What phylum does Pilobus belong to? & how does it release spores

A

Zygomycota

sporangium sit on vesicles filled with water, the vesicles accumulate with water & then burst releasing the spores

aim sporangium toward conditions with good food sources

57
Q

What is zygosporangium resistant to?

A

freezing & drying

58
Q

What phylum consists of endomycorrhizae & what is it called?

A

Glomermycota

arbuscular mycorrhizae

59
Q

What phylum did Glomeromycota used to be classified under?

A

zygomycetes

60
Q

What type of lifecycle does glomermycetes have?

A

symbiotic

61
Q

What is the habitat for ascomycetes?

A

marine
freshwater
terrestrial

62
Q

Asci

A

short-lived diploid phase during the lifecycle & undergoes meiosis forming haploid spores

63
Q

How do ascomycetes reproduce?

A

Producing asexual spores called conidia
budding or splitting
specialized thallus structures (lichens)

64
Q

Basidium

A

transient diploid stage in the life cycle

65
Q

What process of the lifecycle occur in basidia?

A

karyogamy & meiosis

66
Q

How many sterigma are formed on a basidium?

A

4

67
Q

Annulus

A

remnants of partial veil associated with the stipe

68
Q

Universal veil

A

temporary membrane structure covering immature fruiting bodies

69
Q

What are the remanant structure of the universal veil?

A

Volva

remnants on the pileus

70
Q

What are the remanant structure of the partial veil?

A

stem ring

annulus

71
Q

partial veil

A

tissue found on the fruiting body of Basidiomycota, covers from the stem to the edge of the cap

72
Q

Stem ring

A

Remnant structure of the partial veil

partial veil disintegrates once fruiting body is mature & releases spores, remnant structure is a stem ring

73
Q

Volva

A

cap structure associated at the bottom of the stipe, remnant structure of the universal veil

74
Q

Pili Pileus

A

covers top of pileus

75
Q

Puffballs used to be classified under what phylum

A

glomeromycota

76
Q

What is unique about the puffballs?

A

don’t have gills, spororcarp is located on the inside

77
Q

Polypores

A

bracket fungi which contains spores or tubes on the underside of the cap

78
Q

Somatogamy

A

sexual reporduction where 2 nuclei fuse

79
Q

septum

A

cross walls that divide fungal hypha cells, have pores large enough to allow cell-to-cell movement of cytoplasm & organelles

80
Q

soredia

A

small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae

81
Q

isidia

A

outgrowth from the surface of the thallus in certain lichens that resemble a soredium

82
Q

basidia

A

reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms

83
Q

basidiocarp

A

fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus

84
Q

ascocarp

A

fruiting body of a sac fungi

85
Q

plasmogamy

A

in cells, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from 2 indivs, occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction followed later by karyogamy

86
Q

sterigma

A

slender stalks at the top of basidium of from the tips of where of which the basidiospores are produced

87
Q

fission

A

the separation of an organism into 2 or more indvs of approximately equal size

88
Q

Deutromycetes

A

any fungi in the class of imperfect fungi

89
Q

zygosporangia

A

in zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which plasmogamy, karyogamy & meiosis occur

90
Q

gametangia

A

mycelia of different mating types form hyphal extensions enclosing haploid nuclei

91
Q

sporangium

A

multicellular organ in which meiosis occurs & haploid cells develop

92
Q

clade

A

genetically distinct grp

93
Q

conidia

A

haploid spore produced at the tip of specialized hypha in ascomycetes

94
Q

probasidia

A

a cell in which two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus from which the basidium arises in some basidiomycetes

basidia of where karyogamy occurs

95
Q

metabasidia

A

basidia whre meiosis occurs

96
Q

homobasidiomycota

A

fungi that are not divided by septae

97
Q

heterobasidiomycota

A

fungi that are divided by septae

98
Q

peridium

A

protective layer that encloses a mass of spores

F & L (13 decks)

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