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Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of fungi?

A

Essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems

Break down organic material (leaves, wood, bones, rotting bodies etc.)

Recycle vital nutrients & make nutrients available to other organisms (N, C & P)

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2
Q

What nutrients does fungi recycle?

A

N, C & P

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3
Q

What are some fungi separated by?

A

Septa

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4
Q

What do pores enable?

A

cell - to - cell movement –> exchange of cytoplasm & organelles

Up take nutrients & move them to the tips of hyphae to grow

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5
Q

Coenocytic fungi

A

lack septa

attack sugar rich substrates

hype grow fast

Move material to the tips of the hype to build material around the cell wall

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6
Q

What is the composition of fungal cell walls in most fungi?

A

chitin (polysaccharide) & other polysaccharides (ex: cellulose)

Chitin has a bit of PRO –> N component

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7
Q

Mycelia

A

networks of branched hyphae
branched hyphae –> adapted for absorption
or
pseudo “tissues” –> sexual structures

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8
Q

Hymenium

A

region on the mushroom where meiosis occurs

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9
Q

What do the cells of the fruiting bodies develop into?

A

Basidia or ascus –> Sexual spores

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10
Q

Why do we refer to the sexual structures as pseudo “tissues”?

A

No germ cells –> not true tissues

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11
Q

How are fungi classified in an ecosystem?

A

heterotrophs

absorb nutrients, don’t ingest

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12
Q

How do fungi uptake nutrients?

A

Secrete exoenzymes
break down nutrients
absorb smaller compounds

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13
Q

What are the 4 lifestyles of fungi?

A

Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
Parasites
Necrotrophs
Mutualistic symbionts

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14
Q

Decomposer (saprotroph)

A

perform essential recycling of chemical elements b/w the living & non-living world
-Use exoenzymes & excretes materials that other organisms can use

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15
Q

Parasites

A

Feeds on living material, tissues or body fluids of another species while in or on a host, harm but don’t kill host
living on living material
30% of all fungi

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16
Q

Necrotrophs

A

feed on host & then switch to a saprotroph once the host is dead (kill living host cells)

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17
Q

Mutualistic symbionts

A

symbiotic relationship where both parents benefit

lichens: assoc with fungal & algae
- Most mushrooms, form assoc with roots micohizas

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18
Q

What organisms does fungi form symbiotic relationships with?

A

plants
algae
animals

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19
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

mutually beneficial relationships b/w fungi & plant roots

- Importance  natural ecosystems & agriculture 
- Incres plant productivity  Incres the absorption of phosphorus & other needed minerals 
	- Plant provides C & mushroom provides nitrogen  N cycling  - Mushroom connects from one tree to another, creating water movement
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20
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae (glomeromycetes) highly branched feeding structures in the cell space (not in cell membrane)

- Nutrient exchange across membrane systems 
	- From plant into fungus & vice versa 
- Don’t penetrate cell, cell forms around the arbuscular
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21
Q

What phylum forms endomycorrhizae?

A

glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae

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22
Q

What is an ex of fungus-animal relationship?

A

break down plant material in the guts of cows & grazing mammals

animal provides C
&
Fungi provides nutrients

Ants –> take advantage of digestive power by raising fungi in farms

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23
Q

lichen

A

degrade lithic (rock) & lignicolous (wood) substrates to initiate soil formation

Symbiotic relationship of photosynthetic organisms help in fungal hyphae

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24
Q

What are the parts of lichens?

A

Fungal component –> often a sac fungus (Ascomycete) forms an outer covering & skeletal framework

Algae or cyanobacterium–> occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface

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25
How do lichens reproduce?
Sexually (ascus) OR Asexually (soredia)
26
What is the role of mycelium?
Gather & absorb nutrients to grow & produce mushrooms
27
What is an ex of parasitic fungi?
Fungi parasitizing a nematode Hyphae form constricting rings, nematode moves through the soil where these rings are & becomes trapped Hyphae enables penetration of the tissues --> form haustoria
28
Haustoria
PENETRATES protoplasm of a cell & feeds on cell contents | Acquires enough nutrients to form spores
29
What are the 2 forms of sexually spore forming structures?
Basidiocarp | Ascocarp
30
What are the 2 forms of assexually spore forming structures?
Soredia | Isidia
31
What does a dikaryote in the sexual life cycle represent?
plasogamy has already occurred
32
Where does reproduction occur in a fungi?
Septa
33
When does basidium form?
2 nuclei form via karyogamy --> zygote
34
Plasogamy
cell fusion
35
Karyogamy
nuclear fusion
36
What part of the sexual life cycle is occurring when you have a haploid nuclei from 2 parents?
intervening heterokaryotic stage b/w plasmogamy & karyogamy
37
What stage only occurs in mushrooms?
Dikaryotic stage
38
How many nuclei does the hyphae that make up the fruiting body usually have?
monokaryotic (usually)
39
What restricts a dikaryon's growth?
Asci
40
What are the asexual products & processes?
- Produce mitospores - Hyphal fragments - Specialized thallus structures --> soredia & asidia - Budding (spores) - Fission (spores) etc. - Spores are specialized to be either budded off or undergo fission
41
What do asexual fungi include?
mold | yeasts
42
How do yeasts reproduce?
simple cell division (budding & fission)
43
What term is used to identify that no recognized sexual stage? & what are those fungi?
Deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi molds & yeasts
44
Anamorph
asexual stage of a known sexually reproducing fungi
45
Telomorph
fungi named for their sexual stage in case of known sexual & asexual stages
46
What type of spores do sporangium release?
haploid
47
What does molecular evidence display that fungi & animals diverged from?
unicellular & had flagella
48
Fungi were the earliest colonizers of land as symbionts with which organisms?
land plants
49
What type of fungi were the first to come to land?
Unicellular living as endomychorizhae
50
Where are Chytrids located?
freshwater & terrestrial habitats
51
What is the type of lifecycle of a chytrid?
saprotrophic | parasitic
52
Zoosporic
mobile, flagellated asexual spore
53
What is unique about the Chytrids?
flagellated spores called zoospores
54
What kind of lifecycles are found in the Zygomycota?
molds parasites saproptrophic symbionts
55
What lifecycle processes occur on the zygosporangia?
plasmogamy karyogamy meiosis
56
What phylum does Pilobus belong to? & how does it release spores
Zygomycota sporangium sit on vesicles filled with water, the vesicles accumulate with water & then burst releasing the spores aim sporangium toward conditions with good food sources
57
What is zygosporangium resistant to?
freezing & drying
58
What phylum consists of endomycorrhizae & what is it called?
Glomermycota arbuscular mycorrhizae
59
What phylum did Glomeromycota used to be classified under?
zygomycetes
60
What type of lifecycle does glomermycetes have?
symbiotic
61
What is the habitat for ascomycetes?
marine freshwater terrestrial
62
Asci
short-lived diploid phase during the lifecycle & undergoes meiosis forming haploid spores
63
How do ascomycetes reproduce?
Producing asexual spores called conidia budding or splitting specialized thallus structures (lichens)
64
Basidium
transient diploid stage in the life cycle
65
What process of the lifecycle occur in basidia?
karyogamy & meiosis
66
How many sterigma are formed on a basidium?
4
67
Annulus
remnants of partial veil associated with the stipe
68
Universal veil
temporary membrane structure covering immature fruiting bodies
69
What are the remanant structure of the universal veil?
Volva | remnants on the pileus
70
What are the remanant structure of the partial veil?
stem ring | annulus
71
partial veil
tissue found on the fruiting body of Basidiomycota, covers from the stem to the edge of the cap
72
Stem ring
Remnant structure of the partial veil partial veil disintegrates once fruiting body is mature & releases spores, remnant structure is a stem ring
73
Volva
cap structure associated at the bottom of the stipe, remnant structure of the universal veil
74
Pili Pileus
covers top of pileus
75
Puffballs used to be classified under what phylum
glomeromycota
76
What is unique about the puffballs?
don't have gills, spororcarp is located on the inside
77
Polypores
bracket fungi which contains spores or tubes on the underside of the cap
78
Somatogamy
sexual reporduction where 2 nuclei fuse
79
septum
cross walls that divide fungal hypha cells, have pores large enough to allow cell-to-cell movement of cytoplasm & organelles
80
soredia
small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae
81
isidia
outgrowth from the surface of the thallus in certain lichens that resemble a soredium
82
basidia
reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms
83
basidiocarp
fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus
84
ascocarp
fruiting body of a sac fungi
85
plasmogamy
in cells, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from 2 indivs, occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction followed later by karyogamy
86
sterigma
slender stalks at the top of basidium of from the tips of where of which the basidiospores are produced
87
fission
the separation of an organism into 2 or more indvs of approximately equal size
88
Deutromycetes
any fungi in the class of imperfect fungi
89
zygosporangia
in zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which plasmogamy, karyogamy & meiosis occur
90
gametangia
mycelia of different mating types form hyphal extensions enclosing haploid nuclei
91
sporangium
multicellular organ in which meiosis occurs & haploid cells develop
92
clade
genetically distinct grp
93
conidia
haploid spore produced at the tip of specialized hypha in ascomycetes
94
probasidia
a cell in which two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus from which the basidium arises in some basidiomycetes basidia of where karyogamy occurs
95
metabasidia
basidia whre meiosis occurs
96
homobasidiomycota
fungi that are not divided by septae
97
heterobasidiomycota
fungi that are divided by septae
98
peridium
protective layer that encloses a mass of spores

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