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F & L > Ascomycota - Intro to Anamorphic & Teleomorphic Stages > Flashcards

Ascomycota - Intro to Anamorphic & Teleomorphic Stages Flashcards

1
Q

anamorph

A

asexual stage, mitosis

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2
Q

teleomorph

A

sexual stage, meiosis

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3
Q

conidia

A

asexual spores

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4
Q

what species produce conidia?

A

aspergillus & penicillium

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5
Q

Conidiogenous cells

A

cells that produce conidia

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6
Q

conidioma

A

structures that form conidia (including conidiophores)

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7
Q

conidiogeny

A

types of conidia producing conidiophores

generation of conidia

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8
Q

conidiophore

A

specialized stalks from which conidia are borne, any structure that will produce conidia

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9
Q

sclerotia

A

sexual, dense packages of hyphae bundled together, resistant to envr conditions

survival propagule

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10
Q

stromata

A

mass of fungal tissues within which or from which perithecium or other fructifications are formed

dense bodies that germinate to form various structures

conidia structures & other structures that give rise to asci & ascospores

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11
Q

chlamydospores

A

thick-walled resting spore, modifications of hyphae

septate

blown out or cut out of hyphae

asexual or sexual

multicell

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12
Q

soredia

A

fungal hyphae wrapped around the algae or cyanobacteria cells in a package

asexual

modifications of the upper thallus

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13
Q

isidia

A

eruption from the upper body of the lichen, column-like with spores borne on the outside

chunks of thallus

asexual

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14
Q

basidiolichens

A

lichens of basidiomycota

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15
Q

ascolichens

A

lichens of ascomycota

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16
Q

talormyces consists of what 2 organisms? & what stage are they in?

A

aspergillus & penicillium

asexual or imperfect

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17
Q

penicillium conidiophore

A

looks like a broom

conidia are blown out from the tips of the broom

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18
Q

aspergillus conidiophore

A

structures that support conidia on a head

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19
Q

how do penicillium & aspergillus differ?

A

conidia dispersal

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20
Q

how do you differentiate b/w penicillium & aspergillus?

A

conidiophore

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21
Q

what is the perfect stage of ergot of rye called? & what form is it in?

A

claviceps - sclerotia

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22
Q

what does sclerotia develop?

A

stroma

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23
Q

what is sclerotia growth based off of?

A

nutrients in the stroma

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24
Q

what do stroma contain?

A

fruiting bodies (perithecium or apothecium)

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25
Q

what do fruiting bodies contain?

A

asci & ascospores

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26
Q

what type of FB do claviceps form?

A

perithecium

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27
Q

sclerotinia & where does it belong?

A

member of the Ascomycota that is unrelated to claviceps

pyrenomycetes (sardariomycetes)

perfect stage

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28
Q

what type of FB does sclerotinia form?

A

apothecium

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29
Q

apothecia

A

FB is open & cup-shaped, asci grow on the surface of the FB

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30
Q

what is stage is sclerotia in?

A

perfect

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31
Q

what type of FB does epichole form? & where does it form?

A

perithecium

on the surface

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32
Q

hypoxylon

A

fungus grows in wood, forms sclerotia in hard balls

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33
Q

tar sport of maple sci name & FB type

A

rhytisma, form apothecia

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34
Q

chlamydospores

A

hyphae blow outs can be lateral to the side or appear as swelling in a thread

asexual

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35
Q

what type of asexual propagule undergoes lichenziation?

A

soredia

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36
Q

lichenization

A

involves a fungus finding an algal or cyanobacteria partner

lichen does well on its own but not the algae

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37
Q

peltigera

A

dog lichen

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38
Q

what does the lower thallus of peltigera contain?

A

rhizines (look like teeth)

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39
Q

what type of asexual propagule does Peltigera form?

A

isidia

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40
Q

thallus

A

general body pseudo tissue

body without roots, stems or leaves

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41
Q

amerospores

A

single-celled spores

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42
Q

what type of spore does Aspergillus form?

A

amerospores

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43
Q

didymospores

A

2 celled

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44
Q

what is the maximum number of septations didymospores can have?

A

1

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45
Q

phragmospores

A

several cells, exist in a series

divided horizontally

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46
Q

dictyospores

A

several cells

run horizontally & vertically

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47
Q

scleospores

A

needle-like, extremely elongated

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48
Q

helicospores

A

spore has a helical shape

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49
Q

where are helicospores located?

A

freshwater streams

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50
Q

what does the shape of a helical spore do?

A

traps an air bubble, which provides buoyancy to the spore enabling it to float on water

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51
Q

staurospores

A

star-shaped, contains several points

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52
Q

where are staurospores found

A

freshwater or marine envrs

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53
Q

what spores contain appendages?

A

dictyospores & phragmospores

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54
Q

what are the 2 functions of appendages on spores?

A
  1. prevents the spore from sinking in the water column
    move by water currents to acquire a suitable substrate (wood)
  2. sticks the spore to wood
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55
Q

what type of spores does Geomyces have?

A

amerospores

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56
Q

how do conidiophores exist?

A

branched or unbranched

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57
Q

coelomycete conidioma

A

conidiogenous cells, cells found inside of an asexually formed structure which are sometimes in pycnidia

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58
Q

blastospores

A

conidium where conidia appear to be cut right out of hyphae, conidia are blown out from points

spore is evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hyphae

form by budding

59
Q

what are blastospores also called?

A

blastic conidia

60
Q

synnemata

A

sheath, conidia are cut out & pushed up

reproductive structure where conidiophores fuse together to form a strand resembling a stalk of wheat

conidia exist on the edges or at the end

61
Q

what are conidia called that form from a synnemata?

A

tretic conidia

62
Q

what are the types of Coelomycete conidioma?

A

pycnidia

acervuli

63
Q

what stage are pycnidia & acervuli in?

A

asexual

64
Q

blastic development

A

conidia are blown out through a pore

65
Q

anellophores

A

series of rings are formed, everytime conidia are blown out there is a ring left behind

66
Q

whata re the spores of anellophores called?

A

anelospores

67
Q

thallic development

A

conidia appear hyphal like, cutting off of conidia

pinching off

68
Q

when does thallic development occur?

A

right before the conidia are separated?

69
Q

what are the 2 ways that conidia are formed?

A

blastic or thallic

70
Q

when dies the feeding mycelium form?

A

after spore germination

71
Q

feeding mycelium have septate or non septate hyphae?

A

septate

72
Q

are feeding mycelia body cells & fruiting body binucleate or uninucleate?

A

uninucleate

73
Q

what phase is short-lived in ascomycota lifecycle?

A

dikaryotic

74
Q

how does plasmogamy often occur in ascomycota?

A

gametangial contact

75
Q

how does plasmogamy occur in yeasts?

A

gametangial copulation

76
Q

what are the 3 ways that ascomycota accomplish plasmogamy?

A

gametangial contact

somatogamy

spermatization

77
Q

ascogenous hyphae

A

arise when gamete nuclei pair in ascogonia or in undifferentiated cells

hyphae post plasmogamy

dikaryotic

hyphae formed once antheridium & ascogonium fuse

78
Q

croziers

A

facilitates simultaneous nucelar divisions within the ascogenous hyphae

79
Q

what are the 3 roles of croziers?

A

maintenance of the dikaryon

proliferates the ascogenous hyphae during hymenium development

preserves pairing of compatible nuclei

80
Q

what forms when a crozier forms a septation?

A

a terminal uninucleate cell & a penultimate binucleate cell

81
Q

what does the terminal uninucleate cell fuse with?

A

stalk cell

82
Q

where does karyogamy & meiosis occur?

A

asci of the penultimate cell in the ascogonium

83
Q

what occurs once the penultimate binucleate cell forms?

A

karyogamy, meiosis & mitosis creating ascospores

84
Q

what are the 2 methods of discharge of an ascospore?

A

forcible discharge

asci walls deliquesce

85
Q

where does plasmogamy occur?

A

in an asogonium

86
Q

where are compatible nuclei brought together?

A

ascogonium

87
Q

the ascogonium receives compatible nuclei from where?

A

antheridium

88
Q

where does ascogenous hyphae develop?

A

in the hymenium & grow out of the ascogonium

89
Q

are ascogenous hyphae dikaryotic or monokaryotic?

A

dikaryotic

90
Q

trichogyne

A

feature that bridges the nuclei from the antheridium to the ascogonium

91
Q

where are nuclei deposited?

A

ascogonium

92
Q

where is the site of the formation of a diploid cell?

A

crozier hook

93
Q

penultimate cell

A

where karyogamy occurs, diploid cell forms becoming an ascus mother cell

94
Q

unitunicate

A

when the asci walls deliquesce, the wall layers remain together as one & appear as one layer

95
Q

bitunicate

A

when the asci walls deliquesce, the wall layers appear as 2 separate layers

96
Q

inoperculate

A

type of asci where there is no operculum

97
Q

operculum

A

pre-formed lid or open structure that comes in various types

98
Q

what are the forms of the operculum? (3)

A

pre-formed tear

zone of weakness in a wall that is pre-formed

electron dense accumulations

99
Q

amyloid

A

ascotypes contain starch

100
Q

how do you determine if the asci are amyloid?

A

use idodine

101
Q

operculate

A

asci type that contains an operculum

102
Q

what are the 2 alyers of a bitunicate ascus?

A

endoascus & exoascus

103
Q

endoascus

A

internal layer

expands upwards

104
Q

exoascus

A

external layer

will break open in a circle

105
Q

the tip of the ascus is pushed up by _____

A

endoascus

106
Q

fissitunicate ascus

A

endoascus is pushed through the exoascus & results in a gelatinous layer

107
Q

rostrate ascus

A

tip extrudes like a root

108
Q

what organism has asci that deliquesce?

A

yeast

109
Q

amaloid dome

A

contains within it iodine stainable materials (Starch) which will develop into a rostrate

110
Q

ascus apical pore

A

spore contains a pore at one end where the first strand of germinating mycelia extrudes

111
Q

apothecium

A

asocarp where there is an open FB, cup-shaped or disk shaped

112
Q

discomycetes have what type of FB?

A

apothecium

113
Q

how many spores does discomycetes usually form?

A

8

114
Q

what do the cells look like in discomycetes?

A

angular hyphae cells

cells are in distinct shapes

115
Q

what type of ascocarp contains an excipulum?

A

apothecium

116
Q

excipulum

A

fleshy part that supports the hymenium

117
Q

what are the 2 layers of the excipulum?

A

ectal excipulum & medullary excipulum

118
Q

ectal excipulum

A

where variation among fungi exists

119
Q

medullary excipulum

A

not very characteristic of fungi, appears the same among most fungi

120
Q

perithecium

A

flask shaped, closed structure there is an opening called an ostiole

121
Q

what type of ascocarp do pyrenomycetes have?

A

perithecium

122
Q

what does the peridium of pyrenomycetes looking like?

A

carbonaceous looking

123
Q

what is another name for the perithecium?

A

perithecial wall

124
Q

wjhat are the structures in a perithecium?

A

venter: base
neck: located at the top where there is an ostiole

125
Q

what does the hymium of a parathecium contain?

A

paraphyses

periphyses

asci

centrum

126
Q

paraphyses

A

sterile cell

127
Q

periphyses

A

grow downwards, short little hairs that stick out of the neck

sterile

128
Q

asci

A

form from ascogenous hyphae that form from the base of the perithecium

129
Q

centrum

A

space that contain paraphyses, periphyses & asci, found at the base of the perithecium

130
Q

what gives rise to the perithecium

A

centrum

131
Q

when does the centrum form?

A

from the initation of the formation of sterile cells & fertile cells

132
Q

hamathecium

A

sterile cells found in a locule in loculoascomycetes

hyphae emerging b/w asci

133
Q

do all perithecia contain a hymenium?

A

no, the cells can be scattered

134
Q

where do locals exists?

A

in a pseudothecium

135
Q

pseudothecium

A

no hymenium, asci are scattered

contain locules

136
Q

what type of ascocarp does loculoascomycetes have?

A

pseudothecium

137
Q

wh is a pseudothecium not a perithecium?

A

b/c there are stromatic materials in which there are single locules

138
Q

cleistothecium

A

closed structure, no opening, wall is completely closed

no hymenium, asci are scattered

asci are spherical or globular

no ostiole

covered in hairs

139
Q

what type of ascocarp do Plectomycetes have?

A

cleistothecium

140
Q

what type of ascocarp does Chetomium have?

A

cleistothecium

141
Q

ascostromata

A

pseudothecium, mass of accumulated hyphae & cells which contain structures that produce asci & ascospores

typical of loculoascomycota

142
Q

do yeasts form ascocarps?

A

no

143
Q

hemiascomycota

A

asci aren’t organized into any kind of FB

144
Q

what organism belongs to hemiascomycota

A

yeasts

F & L (13 decks)

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