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Basidia, Basidiospores, Hyphae & Mitospores Flashcards

1
Q

mitospores

A

spores produced by mitosis, asexual spores

no plasmogamy, karyogamy or meiosis involved

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2
Q

homobasidiomycota

A

produce basidia that are non-septate

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3
Q

heterobasidiomycota

A

produce basidia with septate

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4
Q

what is the classification of basidia among heterobasidiomycota?

A

chiastobasidium

stichobasidium

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5
Q

chiastobasidium

A

formation of septae across the basidia, horizontal septation

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6
Q

what genera are chiastobasidium?

A

uredinales (rusts)
ustilaginales (smuts)
Auriculariales (ear fungi)

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7
Q

stichobasidium

A

septations run parallel to the vertical axis (vertical septation)

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8
Q

what genus is stichobasidium?

A

Tremellales (jelly fungi)

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9
Q

when does the probasidium form?

A

before septation

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10
Q

when a metabasidium has formed, what processes have already occured?

A

karyogamy & meiosis

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11
Q

what are the 4 parts of a basidium?

A

probasidium
metabasidium
wall layers
sterigma

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12
Q

where do the diff types of septations form in heterobasidiomycetes?

A

metabasidium

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13
Q

what are the wall layers of the basidium?

A

internal layer

external pellicle

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14
Q

where does sterigma extend from?

A

metabasidium wall

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15
Q

protosterigma

A

base of sterigma

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16
Q

hilum

A

region of the spore where the spore meets the tip of the of sterigma, seen as a mark or scar on the apiculus or hilar appendix

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17
Q

what structure is required for spores to catapult?

A

hilum

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18
Q

what is the role of the hilar droplet?

A

accumulates water & builds up moisture

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19
Q

what is the hilar droplets source of water?

A

cystidia, cystidioles & paraphyses

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20
Q

cystidia

A

cells found in b/w basidia, contain water

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21
Q

paraphyses

A

support structures found in the hymenium

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22
Q

where is the osmotic substance located? & what is it?

A

tip of the sterigma & base of the spore

sugar alcohol

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23
Q

jelly fungi have what type of septation?

A

stichobasidia

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24
Q

what type of septation does Tulasenallaceae have?

A

chiastobasidia

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25
epibasidia & where is it found?
long, outgrowths at the top of the basidium, bearing basidiospores each epibasidia produces a spore Tulasnellales
26
ear fungi have what type of septation? & what is their order?
chiastobasidium auriculariales
27
teliospore
produced in a closed structure on the host (wheat)
28
where are teliospores produced?
telium
29
a teliospore is ___ celled & each cell has ____ haploid nuclei
2 2
30
what do teliospores form?
promycelium which develops into a basidium
31
how many basidia form per teliospore?
2
32
what does the presence of sterigma indicate?
karyogamy & meiosis have occurred
33
what structure isn't formed in rusts?
hymenium
34
what host do basidiospore infect?
barberry
35
what are the 2 hosts of rusts?
wheat & barberry
36
how is migration facilitated in rusts?
through E sources, method of acquiring alternative food sources
37
In rusts, basidia come directly from a ______, there is no ______
spore hymenium
38
what are the steps in basidium development?
1. Clamp connection forms 2. Gamete nuclei are in a common septate 3. Karyogamy & vacuolar development 4. Apical cap, basal vacuole, meiosis & initial sterigma formation 5. Sterigma development, swelling of basal vacuole & development of spore initials 6. Extrusion of nuclei into developing spores 7. Mature spores on sterigma
39
when the sterigma tip inflates there is an extension of what 2 layers?
internal basidial layers external basidial pellicle
40
wall layers def
protoplast boundary to exterior covering of the wall
41
what are the wall layers
endosporium episporium exospordium perisporeium ectosporium
42
what are the spore regions
germ pore hilar depression hilar appendix hilum
43
germ pore
region of the spore from which germination occurs | not all basidiospores have pores
44
hilar depression
important for dissemination of spores, concave side providing lift
45
hilar appendix (apiculus)
projection of the spore which connects it to the sterigma region in which there is a point of humidity that can interact with the osmoticum (hilar droplet)
46
hilum
mark or scar on the apiculus or hilar appendix at the point of attachment to the sterigma
47
what point of the spore interacts with the osmoticum
hilar appendix/apiculus
48
how is the spore shape produced?
elasticity of the wall & turgor pressure within the spore
49
describe how basidia sit on sterigma
sit on a slight angle, weakly towards the vertical axis of the basidium
50
buller's droplet
swelling water droplet forms at the base of the spore, at the junction with the sterigma
51
describe the surface tension catapult mechanism
Sudden change in the osmoticum in the spore causing water to spread all over the spore Spore covered with a liquid film When Buller’s droplet fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the spore, a shift in mass occurs causing the center of gravity to change Buller’s drop causes the change in center of gravity Tension on the sterigma is released, it springs back & catapults the spore
52
when does the sterigma spring back?
when the tension is released
53
statismospores
static, no catapulting, no convex & concave sides of the spore
54
what families have a statismospore release method?
russulaceae lactariaceae
55
ballistospore
forcible discharge (catapulting)
56
what type of fungi have ballistospore dispersal method?
agarics (catapulting occurs on gills)
57
describe the path of travel spores take when catapulted
not parabolic traveling, a sporabola: this path is taken due to the concave & convex sides of the spore the concave side providing lift causes the spore to travel parallel with the ground for some time
58
what causes the sporabola pathway?
spore shape specific gravity
59
surface tension catapulting occurs in:
Typical mushrooms Jelly fungi Rust fungi Some yeasts
60
catapulting steps
A. Spores are asymmetrically oriented on the sterigmata B. Mannitol & hexoses are secreted from the base of the spore & a film of water surrounds the spore. A water droplet appears seconds before discharge shifting the center of gravity C. The water film & droplet combine causing a rapid displacement of the spore’s center of gravity. The shifted mass is opposed by the sterigma which is under high turgor pressure & elastic force. With rapid movement of water away from the apiculus & sudden release of turgor pressure in the sterigma the spore is catapulted away in the direction of the displaced center of gravity.
61
what process is required for hyphae to go from being momokaryotic to dikaryotic?
plasmogamy
62
what type of plasmogamy is used in basidiomycota
somatogamy
63
heterothallic
requires 2 sexually compatible nuclei
64
spermatization
Form spermatia which fertilize the receptive hyphae from a spermatogonium from the opp mating type
65
somatogamy
fusion of hyphae of the opp mating type
66
describe the dolipore septum of Ustilaginales & Uredinales
undeveloped
67
describe the parenthosome of Ustilaginales & Uredinales
unperforated
68
describe the parenthosome of the agaricales
perforated
69
describe the parenthosome of Auriculariales
unperforated
70
describe the parenthosome of Tremellales
series of chunks, very large pores

F & L (13 decks)

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