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F & L > Basidia, Basidiospores, Hyphae & Mitospores > Flashcards

Basidia, Basidiospores, Hyphae & Mitospores Flashcards

1
Q

mitospores

A

spores produced by mitosis, asexual spores

no plasmogamy, karyogamy or meiosis involved

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2
Q

homobasidiomycota

A

produce basidia that are non-septate

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3
Q

heterobasidiomycota

A

produce basidia with septate

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4
Q

what is the classification of basidia among heterobasidiomycota?

A

chiastobasidium

stichobasidium

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5
Q

chiastobasidium

A

formation of septae across the basidia, horizontal septation

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6
Q

what genera are chiastobasidium?

A

uredinales (rusts)
ustilaginales (smuts)
Auriculariales (ear fungi)

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7
Q

stichobasidium

A

septations run parallel to the vertical axis (vertical septation)

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8
Q

what genus is stichobasidium?

A

Tremellales (jelly fungi)

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9
Q

when does the probasidium form?

A

before septation

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10
Q

when a metabasidium has formed, what processes have already occured?

A

karyogamy & meiosis

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11
Q

what are the 4 parts of a basidium?

A

probasidium
metabasidium
wall layers
sterigma

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12
Q

where do the diff types of septations form in heterobasidiomycetes?

A

metabasidium

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13
Q

what are the wall layers of the basidium?

A

internal layer

external pellicle

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14
Q

where does sterigma extend from?

A

metabasidium wall

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15
Q

protosterigma

A

base of sterigma

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16
Q

hilum

A

region of the spore where the spore meets the tip of the of sterigma, seen as a mark or scar on the apiculus or hilar appendix

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17
Q

what structure is required for spores to catapult?

A

hilum

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18
Q

what is the role of the hilar droplet?

A

accumulates water & builds up moisture

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19
Q

what is the hilar droplets source of water?

A

cystidia, cystidioles & paraphyses

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20
Q

cystidia

A

cells found in b/w basidia, contain water

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21
Q

paraphyses

A

support structures found in the hymenium

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22
Q

where is the osmotic substance located? & what is it?

A

tip of the sterigma & base of the spore

sugar alcohol

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23
Q

jelly fungi have what type of septation?

A

stichobasidia

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24
Q

what type of septation does Tulasenallaceae have?

A

chiastobasidia

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25
Q

epibasidia & where is it found?

A

long, outgrowths at the top of the basidium, bearing basidiospores

each epibasidia produces a spore

Tulasnellales

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26
Q

ear fungi have what type of septation? & what is their order?

A

chiastobasidium

auriculariales

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27
Q

teliospore

A

produced in a closed structure on the host (wheat)

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28
Q

where are teliospores produced?

A

telium

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29
Q

a teliospore is ___ celled & each cell has ____ haploid nuclei

A

2

2

30
Q

what do teliospores form?

A

promycelium which develops into a basidium

31
Q

how many basidia form per teliospore?

A

2

32
Q

what does the presence of sterigma indicate?

A

karyogamy & meiosis have occurred

33
Q

what structure isn’t formed in rusts?

A

hymenium

34
Q

what host do basidiospore infect?

A

barberry

35
Q

what are the 2 hosts of rusts?

A

wheat & barberry

36
Q

how is migration facilitated in rusts?

A

through E sources, method of acquiring alternative food sources

37
Q

In rusts, basidia come directly from a ______, there is no ______

A

spore

hymenium

38
Q

what are the steps in basidium development?

A
  1. Clamp connection forms
  2. Gamete nuclei are in a common septate
  3. Karyogamy & vacuolar development
  4. Apical cap, basal vacuole, meiosis & initial sterigma formation
  5. Sterigma development, swelling of basal vacuole & development of spore initials
  6. Extrusion of nuclei into developing spores
  7. Mature spores on sterigma
39
Q

when the sterigma tip inflates there is an extension of what 2 layers?

A

internal basidial layers

external basidial pellicle

40
Q

wall layers def

A

protoplast boundary to exterior covering of the wall

41
Q

what are the wall layers

A

endosporium

episporium

exospordium

perisporeium

ectosporium

42
Q

what are the spore regions

A

germ pore

hilar depression

hilar appendix

hilum

43
Q

germ pore

A

region of the spore from which germination occurs

not all basidiospores have pores

44
Q

hilar depression

A

important for dissemination of spores, concave side providing lift

45
Q

hilar appendix (apiculus)

A

projection of the spore which connects it to the sterigma

region in which there is a point of humidity that can interact with the osmoticum (hilar droplet)

46
Q

hilum

A

mark or scar on the apiculus or hilar appendix at the point of attachment to the sterigma

47
Q

what point of the spore interacts with the osmoticum

A

hilar appendix/apiculus

48
Q

how is the spore shape produced?

A

elasticity of the wall & turgor pressure within the spore

49
Q

describe how basidia sit on sterigma

A

sit on a slight angle, weakly towards the vertical axis of the basidium

50
Q

buller’s droplet

A

swelling water droplet forms at the base of the spore, at the junction with the sterigma

51
Q

describe the surface tension catapult mechanism

A

Sudden change in the osmoticum in the spore causing water to spread all over the spore
Spore covered with a liquid film

When Buller’s droplet fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the spore, a shift in mass occurs causing the center of gravity to change
Buller’s drop causes the change in center of gravity

Tension on the sterigma is released, it springs back & catapults the spore

52
Q

when does the sterigma spring back?

A

when the tension is released

53
Q

statismospores

A

static, no catapulting, no convex & concave sides of the spore

54
Q

what families have a statismospore release method?

A

russulaceae

lactariaceae

55
Q

ballistospore

A

forcible discharge (catapulting)

56
Q

what type of fungi have ballistospore dispersal method?

A

agarics (catapulting occurs on gills)

57
Q

describe the path of travel spores take when catapulted

A

not parabolic traveling, a sporabola: this path is taken due to the concave & convex sides of the spore

the concave side providing lift causes the spore to travel parallel with the ground for some time

58
Q

what causes the sporabola pathway?

A

spore shape

specific gravity

59
Q

surface tension catapulting occurs in:

A

Typical mushrooms

Jelly fungi

Rust fungi

Some yeasts

60
Q

catapulting steps

A

A. Spores are asymmetrically oriented on the sterigmata

B. Mannitol & hexoses are secreted from the base of the spore & a film of water surrounds the spore. A water droplet appears seconds before discharge shifting the center of gravity

C. The water film & droplet combine causing a rapid displacement of the spore’s center of gravity. The shifted mass is opposed by the sterigma which is under high turgor pressure & elastic force. With rapid movement of water away from the apiculus & sudden release of turgor pressure in the sterigma the spore is catapulted away in the direction of the displaced center of gravity.

61
Q

what process is required for hyphae to go from being momokaryotic to dikaryotic?

A

plasmogamy

62
Q

what type of plasmogamy is used in basidiomycota

A

somatogamy

63
Q

heterothallic

A

requires 2 sexually compatible nuclei

64
Q

spermatization

A

Form spermatia which fertilize the receptive hyphae from a spermatogonium from the opp mating type

65
Q

somatogamy

A

fusion of hyphae of the opp mating type

66
Q

describe the dolipore septum of Ustilaginales & Uredinales

A

undeveloped

67
Q

describe the parenthosome of Ustilaginales & Uredinales

A

unperforated

68
Q

describe the parenthosome of the agaricales

A

perforated

69
Q

describe the parenthosome of Auriculariales

A

unperforated

70
Q

describe the parenthosome of Tremellales

A

series of chunks, very large pores

F & L (13 decks)

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