Title 7 - [1/2] (203-230) Crimes Committed by Public Officers

Question 1

Title VII?

Answer 1

Crimes Committed by Public Officers

Question 2

Article 203

Answer 2

Who Are Public Officers

Question 3

Requisites of Being Public Officer

[NOT]

Answer 3

1. Taking part in the performance of public functions in the government, or performing in said Government or in any of its branches public duties as an employee, agent or subordinate official, of any rank or class; and
2. That his authority to take part in the performance of public functions or to perform public duties must be
   a. By direct provision of the law, or
   b. By popular election, or
   c. By appointment by competent authority

note:
The term “public officers” embraces every public servant from the highest to the lowest. For the purposes of the RPC, it obliterates the standard distinction in the law of public officers between “officer” and “employee.”

Temporary performance OF PUBLIC FUNCTIONS by a laborer makes him a public officer

Question 4

CHAPTER TWO: MALFEASANCE AND
MISFEASANCE IN OFFICE (ARTS. 204-212)

Answer 4

CHAPTER TWO: MALFEASANCE AND
MISFEASANCE IN OFFICE (ARTS. 204-212)

Question 5

Define malfeasance, misfeasance and non-feasance.

Answer 5

Malfeasance – improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done

Misfeasance – performance of some act which ought NOT to be done

Nonfeasance – omission of some act which ought to be performed

Question 6

What is dereliction of duty?

Answer 6

They are those defined from Article 204 - 209

Question 7

Article 204

Answer 7

Knowingly Rendering Unjust Judgment

Question 8

What are the elements of the crime of knowingly rendering a manifestly unjust judgment?

Answer 8

1. That the offender is a judge;
2. That he renders a judgment in a case submitted to him for decision;
3. That the judgment is unjust;
4. That the judge knows that his judgment is unjust.

Question 9

judgment v. unjust judgment

Answer 9

A judgment or final order determining the merits of the case shall:
- be in writing
- personally and directly prepared by the judge,
- stating clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based,
- signed by him, and
- filed with the clerk of court.

Unjust judgment – is one which is contrary to law, or is not supported by evidence, or both

Question 10

What is the nature of the action of knowingly rendering an unjust judgment?

Answer 10

1. error
2. ill-will or revenge
3. bribery

Question 11

What is the defense against a charge for rendering unjust judgment?

Answer 11

no liability for a mere error in good faith

There must be evidence that the judgment is unjust for it CANNOT BE PRESUMED. The Supreme Court must have declared the judgment as unjust in a certiorari, prohibition, or administrative proceeding.

Question 12

Art. 205.

Answer 12

Art. 205. Judgment rendered through negligence.

Question 13

elements
[NOT]

Answer 13

1. That the offender is a judge;
2. That he renders a judgment in a case submitted to him for decision;
3. That the judgment is manifestly unjust;
4. That it is DUE TO HIS inexcusable negligence or ignorance

Question 14

“Manifestly Unjust Judgment” meaning

Answer 14

It is so manifestly contrary to law, that even a person having a meager knowledge of the law CANNOT DOUBT the injustice

Question 15

is abuse of discretion or error of judgment punishable under this article?

Answer 15

No, they are not punishable

Although there may be [abuse of discretion] in issuing an order, it does not necessarily follow** that there is BAD FAITH or that said abuse of discretion signifies IGNORANCE of the law on the part of a judge

Mere [error of judgment] cannot serve as basis for a charge of knowingly rendering an unjust judgment, where there is NO proof or even allegation of bad faith, or ill motive, or improper consideration.

Question 16

Article 206

Answer 16

Unjust interlocutory order

Question 17

Elements
[not]

Answer 17

1. That the offender is a judge;
2. That he performs any of the following acts:
   a. Knowingly renders unjust interlocutory order or decree, or
   b. Renders a [manifestly] unjust interlocutory order or decree through inexcusable negligence or ignorance.

Question 18

What is an interlocutory order?

Answer 18

an order which is issued by the court between the commencement and the end of a suit or action and which decides some point or matter, but which, however, is not a final decision of the matter in issue

[gpt]
** it’s an order made in the midst of ongoing litigation, resolving certain issues to facilitate the progression of the case.**

[EXAMPLE]
During the pre-trial phase, the defendant files a motion to dismiss, arguing that the plaintiff’s complaint does not state a valid legal claim.

The judge, in response, issues an interlocutory order deciding whether the plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed. If the judge denies the motion to dismiss, it means the case will proceed to trial. On the other hand, if the judge grants the motion, the plaintiff may be given the opportunity to amend their complaint.

Question 19

Art 207

Answer 19

Art. 207. Malicious delay in the administration of justice.

Question 20

elements of malicious delay in the administration of justice

Answer 20

1. That the offender is a judge
2. That there is a proceeding in court.
3. That he delays the administration of justice;
4. That the delay is malicious, that is, the delay is caused by the judge with deliberate intent to inflict damage on either party in the case.

• Mere delay without malice is NOT a felony under this article
  .
• If the delay is NOT malicious, but [committed through gross negligence], the crime committed is that under RA 3019, Sec. 3(e).

Question 21

Art. 208.

Answer 21

Art. 208. Prosecution of offenses; NEGLIGENCE & TOLERANCE

Question 22

what are the acts punished in prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance?

Answer 22

1. By maliciously refraining from instituting prosecution against violators of the law;
2. By maliciously tolerating the commission of a crime.

Question 23

Elements of prosecution of offenses;

Answer 23

1. That the offender is a public officer who has a duty to cause the prosecution of, or to prosecute offenses;
2. That knowing the commission of the crime, he does NOT cause the prosecution of the criminal OR knowing that a crime is about to be committed he tolerates its commission; and
3. That the offender acts with malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of the law.

• The guilt of the offender is a prejudicial question to the liability of the officer charged under this provision.

note: If the offender is not guilty, it might affect the liability of the public officer because, in this case, there may not have been an actual offense that the officer failed to prosecute or tolerated. The public officer’s liability is closely tied to the guilt of the offender, and if the latter is not found guilty, it may impact the case against the public officer.

Question 24

Who can be offenders art 208?

Answer 24

1. Public officer – Officers of the prosecution department, whose duty is to institute criminal proceedings upon being informed
2. Officers of the law – By reason of position held by them are duty-bound to cause prosecution and punishment of offenders.

Note: Any person who solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept any benefit in consideration of abstaining from, discounting, or impeding the prosecution of a criminal offender is liable under PD 1829.

Question 25

ARTICLE 209

Answer 25

ARTICLE 209
BETRAYAL OF TRUST BY AN
ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR (procurador judicial) —
REVELATION OF SECRETS

Question 26

Acts punished as betrayal of trust by atty.

Answer 26

1. Causing damage to his client, either:
   a. By ANY malicious breach of professional duty, or
   b. Inexcusable negligence or ignorance.

If NO damage is caused, attorney may be held [administratively or civilly liable.]

2. Revealing ANY of the secrets of his client learned by him in his professional capacity

• Damage is NOT necessary.

3. Undertaking the defense of the opposing party IN THE SAME CASE [WITHOUT] the consent of his first client after having undertaken the defense of said first client or after having received confidential information from said client

• If the client consents to the attorney’s taking the defense of the other party, there is no crime. (WIC to represent the other party)

Question 27

SECTION 2: BRIBERY

Answer 27

SECTION 2: BRIBERY

Question 28

art 210

Answer 28

direct bribery

Question 29

acts punished in direct bribery / forms of Direct Bribery

Answer 29

1. By agreeing to perform, OR by performing in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present, an act constituting a crime, [in connection with the performance of official duties.]

• The acceptance of the offer or promise is enough to consummate the crime. Absent such acceptance, only the person making the offer or promise is liable for Attempted Corruption of a Public Officer.

2. By accepting a gift in consideration of the execution of an act WHICH DOES NOT constitute a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duty.
3. By agreeing to refrain, OR by refraining, from doing something which it is his official duty to do, in consideration of a gift or promise.

• The third form of direct bribery differs from prevaricacion in that in bribery, the offender refrained from doing his official duty in consideration of a gift received or promised. This element is not necessary in the crime of prevaricacion.

Question 30

elements of direct bribery

Answer 30

1. That the offender be a public officer;
2. That the offender accepts an offer or a promise OR receives a gift or present by himself or through another;
3. That such offer or promise be accepted, or gift or present received by the public officer –
   a. With a view to committing some crime; or
   b. In consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, but the act must be unjust; or
   c. To refrain from doing something which it is his official duty to do;
4. That the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he executes be connected with the performance of his official duties.

note
- The provisions of Art. 210 are made applicable to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or ANY other persons performing public duties. (Art. 210, last par.)

• For the purpose of punishing bribery, the temporary performance of public functions is sufficient to constitute a person a public officer

Question 31

ART 211

Answer 31

INDIRECT BRIBERY

Question 32

Elements of indirect bribery

Answer 32

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he accepts gifts;
3. That the said gifts are offered to him by reason of his office.

note:
[PD 46] punishes
- 1. any public official or employee who receives directly or indirectly
- 2. any private person who gives, or offers to give by reason of official position

• prohibited celebration/entertainment in honor of official or employees
• even on Christmas it is punishable

Question 33

DB v IB

Answer 33

[as to CONSIDERATION]
- both crimes receives a gift

[as to existence of AGREEMENT]
DB - there is agreement
IB - there is no agreement

[as to necessity of PERFORMANCE OF ACT]
DB - performs/refrains because of gift
IB - not necessary that offender to do anything, sufficient is him receiving gifts by reason of his office

Question 34

When the act constitutes a crime and the same was accomplished, what should the
penalty be to offender?

Answer 34

both penalties of bribery and the crime committed would apply

Question 35

Art 211

Answer 35

Qualified Bribery

Question 36

elements of 211

Answer 36

1. That the offender is a public officer entrusted with law enforcement;
2. That the offender refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime punishable by reclusión perpetua and/or death;

note If the crime committed is punishable by a penalty less than reclusion perpetua, the public officer is liable under Article 208 and direct bribery.

3. That the offender refrains from arresting or prosecuting the offender in consideration of any promise, gift or present.
   The guilt of the offender is a prejudicial question to the liability of the officer charged under this provision

Question 37

ART 212

Answer 37

Corruption of Public Officials

Question 38

Elements

Answer 38

1. That the offender makes, offers or promises or gives gifts or presents to a public officer; and
2. That the offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents [GIVEN] to a public officer, under circumstances that will make the public officer liable for direct bribery or indirect bribery.

The crime is attempted if the offer, promise, gift or present was refused and consummated if accepted

Question 39

Under PD 749 (Granting immunity to givers of bribes), what are required to invoke immunity from prosecution?

Answer 39

PD 749 grants immunity from prosecution to givers of bribes and other gifts and to their accomplices if they;

• willingly testify against public officers or employees in [bribery and OTHER graft] cases

For the immunity to be enjoyed, the following conditions must concur:

a. The [information] must refer to consummated violations of any of the provisions of law, rules and regulations mentioned in PD 749;

b. The [information and testimony] are necessary for the conviction of the accused public officer;

c. Such [information and testimony] are not yet in the possession of the State

d. Such [information and testimony] can be corroborated (confirm) on its material points; and

e. The [informant or witness] has NOT been previously convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.

Question 40

CHAPTER THREE: FRAUDS AND ILLEGAL
EXACTIONS AND TRANSACTIONS
(ARTS. 213-216)

Answer 40

CHAPTER THREE: FRAUDS AND ILLEGAL
EXACTIONS AND TRANSACTIONS
(ARTS. 213-216)

Question 41

Art 213

Answer 41

Frauds Against Treasury & Similar Offenses

Question 42

what are the acts punished

Answer 42

1. By entering into an agreement [with any interested party or speculator or making use of any other Scheme], to defraud the Government,
   - in dealing with ANY person with regard to furnishing supplies,
   - the making of contracts, or
   - the adjustment or settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds

note: mere agreement consummates the crime

2. By demanding, directly or indirectly, the payment of sums DIFFERENT FROM OR LARGER THAN those authorized by law, in the collection of [tlfi] taxes, licenses, fees, and other imposts
3. By failing voluntarily to issue a receipt, as provided by law, for ANY sum of money collected by him officially, in the collection of [tlfi] taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts
4. By collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or objects OF A NATURE DIFFERENT from that provided by law, in the collection of [tlfi] taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts

Question 43

Elements of frauds against public treasury
(Par. 1)

Answer 43

1. That the offender be a public officer;
2. That he should have taken advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the transaction in his official capacity;
3. That he entered into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or made use of any other scheme [with regard to]
   a. Furnishing supplies
   b. The making of contracts, or
   c. The adjustment or settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds
4. That the accused had intent to defraud the Government.

note: It is sufficient that the public officer who acted in his official capacity had the intent to defraud the Government.

Question 44

Elements of illegal exactions (Pars. 2-4):

Answer 44

1. The offender is a public officer entrusted with the collection of tlfi taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts;
2. He is guilty of ANY of the following acts or omissions:
   a. Demanding, directly or indirectly, the payment of sums DIFFERENT FROM OR LARGER THAN those authorized by law; or
   b. Failing voluntarily to issue a receipt, as provided by law , for ANY sum of money collected by him officially; or
   c. Collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or objects OF A NATURE DIFFERENT from that provided by law

note: mere demand for larger or different amount is sufficient to consummate a crime

Officers or employees of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) or Bureau of Customs are NOT covered by this article. The (NIR Code National Internal Revenue Code OR the Administrative Code applies.

Question 45

what are ways of committing illegal exaction?

Answer 45

Paragraph 2-4

A tax collector who collected a sum larger than that authorized by law and spent the same is guilty of illegal exaction and malversation.

Question 46

When there is DECEIT in demanding greater fees than those prescribed by law, what crime is committed?

Answer 46

When there is deceit in demanding a greater fee than those prescribed by law, the crime committed is estafa and NOT illegal exaction.

Question 47

214

Answer 47

Other Frauds

Question 48

Elements

Answer 48

1. That the offender is a public officer
2. That he takes advantage of his official position;
3. That he commits ANY of the frauds or deceits enumerated in Arts. [315 to 318] (estafa, other forms of swindling, swindling a minor, and other deceits).

• The PENALTY under this article is in addition to the penalties prescribed in the Articles violated.
• NOT a crime but considered as a special aggravating circumstance

Question 49

Art 215

Answer 49

Prohibited Transactions

Question 50

Elements

Answer 50

1. That the offender is an appointive public officer; (examples: justices, judges, fiscals, OR employees engaged in the collection and administration of public funds)

.

2. That he becomes interested, directly or indirectly, in ANY transaction of exchange or speculation;

.

3. That the transaction takes place W/IN THE TERRITORY SUBJECT TO HIS JD;

.

4. That he becomes interested in the transaction during his incumbency.

note:
- The transaction must be one of exchange or speculation, such as buying stocks and selling stocks, commodities, land, etc., hoping to take advantage of an expected rise and fall in price.
- Purchasing of stocks or shares in a company is simply an investment and is not a violation of the article. But buying regularly securities for resale is speculation.

Question 51

ART 216

Answer 51

POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED INTEREST BY A PUBLIC OFFCER

Question 52

who are liable for possession of prohibited interest?

Answer 52

1. Public officer who, directly or indirectly, became interested in ANY contract or business in which it was his official duty to intervene.
2. Experts, arbitrators, and private accountants who, in like manner, took part in any contract or transaction connected with the estate or property in the appraisal, distribution or adjudication of which they had acted.
3. Guardians and executors with respect to the property belonging to their wards or the estate.

note
- Actual fraud is NOT necessary, the act is punished because of the possibility that fraud MAY be committed or that the officer MAY place his own interest above that of the government or party which he represents.

• Intervention must be by virtue of public office held. The official who intervenes in contracts which have NO connection with his office cannot commit the crime defined under this Article

became interested/took part

Question 53

CHAPTER FOUR: MALVERSATION OF
PUBLICFUNDS OR PROPERTY
(ARTS. 217-222)

Answer 53

CHAPTER FOUR: MALVERSATION OF
PUBLICFUNDS OR PROPERTY
(ARTS. 217-222)

Question 54

Art 217

Answer 54

MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY — PRESUMPTION OF MALVERSATION

Question 55

what is embezzlement?

Answer 55

Malversation is otherwise called embezzlement.

Note the word “embezzled” in the phrase “or equal to the total value of the property embezzled” in the penultimate (next to last/not comparable) paragraph of Art. 217

Question 56

what are the elements of malversation?

Answer 56

1. That the offender be a public officer.
2. That he had custody or control of funds or property by reason of the duties of his office
3. That those funds or property were public funds or property for which he was accountable
4. That he **appropriated, took, misappropriated [atm] or [cap] consented, or through abandonment or negligence, permitted another person to take them

note
Nature of the duties of the public officer, not the name of the office, is controlling.

Question 57

how is malversation committed?

Answer 57

Acts punished:
1. By appropriating public funds or property.

2. By taking or misappropriating the same.
3. By [CAN] consenting, or through abandonment or negligence, permitting any other person to take such public funds or property.
4. By being otherwise guilty of the misappropriation or malversation of such funds or property.

appropriate - use for one’s benefit

Question 58

What is the condition precedent before there could be any taking, appropriation, conversation or loss of public funds that would amount to malversation?

Answer 58

Funds or property must be received in official capacity. Hence, if the public officer had no authority to receive the money and he misappropriated the same, the crime is estafa, not malversation.

official capacity = malversation
not official = estafa

Question 59

who could be liable for malversation?

Answer 59

GEN - public official
EXC - private

1. Those in conspiracy with public officers guilty of malversation
2. Those who are accessory or accomplice to a public officer
3. Custodian of public funds or property in whatever capacity
4. Depositary or administrator of public funds or property

custodian - guarding or keeping safe;care

Question 60

Is demand an element for malversation?

Answer 60

• Demand is NOT necessary in malversation.
• Damage to the government is also not necessary.

Question 61

What is the effect on the penalty when the malversation is committed through NEGLIGENCE?

Answer 61

The penalty for malversation is THE SAME whether committed with malice or through NEGLIGENCE or IMPRUDENCE.

Question 62

If the charge is for intentional malversation but what was proved was culpable malversation, can the offender be convicted under that information?

Answer 62

The penalty for malversation is THE SAME whether committed with malice or through NEGLIGENCE or IMPRUDENCE.

Question 63

What is the effect of the restitution of the amount malversed?

Answer 63

• The return of the funds malversed is only mitigating, not exempting circumstance.

Question 64

When will the presumption of malversation arise?

Answer 64

When demand is made to the accountable officer to account for the funds and property and the same is not forthcoming (executed), this shall be a prima facie evidence that he has put such missing funds or property to personal use.

Question 65

Is direct evidence required in malversation?

Answer 65

prima facie evidence is requierd

Question 66

Is good faith a valid defense in malversation?

Answer 66

When the shortage is paid by the public officer from his pocket at once, he is not liable for malversation (U.S. v. Feliciano)

Question 67

What are the ways of committing the crime of malvesation?

May a public officer be convicted of Malversation even without direct evidence?

Compare malversation (art. 217) with technical malversation (art. 220).

May a charge under one result to conviction for the other?

What is essential for conviction for technical malversation?

Who is an accountable officer under art. 217

Question 68

art 218

Answer 68

failure of accountable officer to render accounts

Question 69

elements

Answer 69

1. That the offender is a public officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom.
2. That he must be an accountable officer for public funds or property.
3. That he is required by law or regulation to render accounts to the (COA) Commission on Audit, or to a provincial auditor.
4. That he fails to do so for a period of two (2) months after such accounts should be rendered.

Question 70

Is demand for accounting necessary in order for one to be liable under this article?

Answer 70

Demand for accounting is NOT necessary.
(check fourth element)

Question 71

Is misappropriation necessary?

Answer 71

It is NOT necessary that there be misappropriation.

If there is misappropriation, he would be liable also for malversation under Art. 217.

Question 72

art 219

Answer 72

FAILURE OF RESPONSIBLE PUBLIC
OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS
BEFORE LEAVING THE COUNTRY

Question 73

elements

Answer 73

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he must be an accountable officer for public funds or property;
3. That he must have unlawfully left (or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines without securing from the Commission on Audit a certificate showing that his accounts have been finally settled

Question 74

220 article

Answer 74

Illegal use of public funds or property
(technical malversation)

Question 75

elements

Answer 75

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That there is a public fund or property under his administration;
3. That such public fund or property has been appropriated by law or ordinance;
4. That he applies the same to a PUBLIC USE other than that for which such funds or property has been appropriated by law or ordinance.

Question 76

Distinguish malversation (art. 217) from technical malversation (art. 220)

Answer 76

[T.M. / Illegal use of public funds or property]
- no personal gain/profit
- public fund or property is applied to another pubic use

[Malversation]
- personal gain

Question 77

Art 221

Answer 77

Failure to make delivery of public funds or property

Question 78

acts punished

Answer 78

1. By failing to make PAYMENT by a public officer who is under obligation to make such payment FROM Government funds in his possession.
2. By refusing to make DELIVERY by a public officer who has been ordered by competent authority to deliver ANY property in his custody or under his administration

Question 79

Elements

Answer 79

a. Public officer has government funds in his possession.
b. He is under obligation to make payment from such funds.
c. He fails to make the payment, [maliciously]

Question 80

Art 222

Answer 80

Officers included in the preceding (occurring immediately before) provisions

Question 81

how is malversation committed by a private person?

Answer 81

Private individuals who may be liable under Art. 217-221:
1. Private individuals who, in any capacity whatsoever, have charge of any national, provincial or municipal funds, revenue or property

2. Administrator
   depository of funds or property (asd) attached, seized, or deposited by public authority EVEN IF such property belongs to a private individual
   (example: sheriffs and receivers)

Question 82

CHAPTER FIVE: INFIDELITY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS (ARTS. 223-230)

Answer 82

CHAPTER FIVE: INFIDELITY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS (ARTS. 223-230)

Question 83

SECTION ONE: DISOBEDIENCE,
REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE, AND
MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS

Answer 83

SECTION ONE: DISOBEDIENCE,
REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE, AND
MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS

Question 84

ARTICLE 223

Answer 84

Conniving with Or Consenting to Evasion

Question 85

elements

Answer 85

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he had in his custody or charge, a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner by final judgment;
3. That such prisoner escaped from his custody;
4. That he was in connivance (collaboration) with the prisoner in the latter’s escape

Question 86

Art 224

Answer 86

Evasion Through Negligence

Question 87

Elements

Answer 87

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he is charged with the conveyance or custody of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner by final judgment;
3. That such prisoner escapes through his negligence.
   - Not every negligence or distraction of a guard is penalized. It is only that positive carelessness that is short of deliberate non-performance of his duties as guard that is the gravamen of the crime of infidelity under Art. 224.
   - The fact that the public officer recaptured the prisoner who had escaped from his custody does not afford complete exculpation.

Question 88

art 225

Answer 88

Escape of a prisoner under the custody of a person NOT a public officer

Question 89

Will mere laxity amount to negligence within the contemplation of art. 224

Answer 89

Leniency, laxity and release of detention prisoner who could not be delivered to the judicial authority within the time fixed by law, are not considered infidelity in the custody of prisoners.

Question 90

What is the liability of the escaping prisoner?

Answer 90

1. If the fugitive is serving sentence by
   reason of final judgment, he is liable for
   evasion of the service of sentence under
   Art. 157.
2. If the fugitive is only a detention prisoner,
   he does NOT incur criminal liability.

Question 91

elements

Answer 91

1. That the offender is a private person;
2. That the conveyance or custody of a prisoner or person under arrest is confided to him;
3. That the prisoner or person under arrest escapes;
4. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner OR person under arrest, or that the escape takes place through his negligence.

note:
Art. 225 is NOT applicable if a private person was the one who made the arrest and he consented to the escape of the person he arrested.

Question 92

art 226

Answer 92

removal, concealment, or destruction of documents

Question 93

elements

Answer 93

1. That the offender be a public officer;

note: If the offender is a private individual = estafa is committed [IF] there is damage caused.
If there is NO damage, the crime is malicious mischief.

2. That he removes, conceals or destroys documents or papers; “Papers” include checks, promissory notes, and paper money.
3. That the said documents or papers should have been entrusted to such public officer by reason of his office;
4. That damage,whether serious or not, to a third party or to the public interest should have been caused.

Question 94

When is removal deemed to be for illicit (unlawful) purpose?

Answer 94

when the intention of the offender is -
(a) to tamper with it, or
(b) to profit by it, or
(c) to commit an act constituting a breach of trust in the official care thereof.

Question 95

When is removal of public document deemed consummated?

Answer 95

consummated upon its removal or secreting away from its usual place in the office and after the offender had gone out and locked the door, it being immaterial whether he has or has not actually accomplished the illicit purpose for which he removed said document.

Question 96

Art 227

Answer 96

Officer breaking seal

Question 97

Is damage or intent to cause damage necessary in order for liability to attach?

Answer 97

Damage or intent to damage is NOT NECESSARY

Question 98

elements

Answer 98

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he is charged with the custody of papers or property;
3. That these papers or property are sealed by proper authority;
4. That he breaks the seals or permits them to be broken.

Question 99

ART 228

Answer 99

Opening of Closed Documents

Question 100

elements

Answer 100

1. public officer
2. ANY closed papers, documents, objects are entrusted to his custody
3. he opens or permits to be opened the said thing
4. he does NOT have proper authority

Question 101

If in opening closed papers or objects (crime 1), the public officer broke the seal (crime 2), the offense would be?

Answer 101

Breaking the Seal under Art 227

Question 102

What are the acts punished?

Answer 102

1. By revealing any secret known to the offending public officer by reason of his official capacity.
2. By delivering wrongfully papers or copies of papers of which he may have charge and which should not be published

Question 103

Elements of no. 1

Answer 103

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he knows of the secret by reason of his official capacity;
3. That he reveals such secret without authority or justifiable reasons;
4. That damage, great or small, be caused to public interest.

note
Secrets must affect public interests, if not, the revelation would constitute no crime at all

Question 104

What are the infidelity in the custody of documents?

What are the ways of committing infidelity in the custody of documents?

Distinguish infidelity from qualified theft

Question 105

Art 229

Answer 105

Revelation of secrets by an officer

Question 106

Elements of No. 2

Answer 106

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he has charge of papers;
3. That those papers should NOT be published;
4. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person;
5. That the delivery is wrongful; and
6. That damage be caused to public interest

note
“Charge” here means control or custody. [IF] the public officer is merely entrusted with the papers but not with the custody, he is NOT liable under this provision.

Question 107

Distinguish espionage from art 229

Question 108

Revelation of Secrets by an Officer

VS

Infidelity in the Custody of Document/Papers by Removing the Same

Answer 108

Revelation
The papers contain secrets and therefore should not be published, and the public officer having charge thereof removes and delivers them wrongfully to a third person.

Infidelity
The papers do not contain secrets but their removal is for an illicit purpose.

Question 109

art 230

Answer 109

publicofficer revealing secrets of private individual

Question 110

elements

Answer 110

1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he knows of the secrets of a private individual by reason of his office;
3. That he reveals such secrets without authority or justifiable reason.

Question 111

When the offender is ___, is art. 230 applicable?

[a]an attorney at law or a solicitor
[b] private individual

[c] what type of revelation constitutes this crime?

[d] is it necessary that there be damage suffered by the private?

Answer 111

[a] article 209 is committed

[b] article 290/291

[c] one person is sufficient, not required public revelation

[d] NOT necessary damage is suffered because the reason is to uphold faith and trust in public service

Question 112

LECTURE FEB 6

Answer 112

LECTURE FEB 6

Question 113

can doctors be considered public official those who have been contracted that won’t last more than 6 months.

can they be counted in the context of title 7

Answer 113

Yes, for the simple fact that they are performing public function and duties

Question 114

a govt’ laborer

is he a public officer?

Answer 114

NO. however if they are temporary working as one, like working with DPWH, since that is an essential work, they can be considered a public officer

Question 115

example of interlocutory order

Answer 115

temporary protection order

file petition for support

Question 116

clerk of court can issue orderk how can a clerk of court vioolate 214 (other frauds)

CoC says he can file a TRO quickly simply by talking to the judge for 100k,. even fi the TRO is issued or not

what is the crime?

Answer 116

he is liable for 204 ON TOP OF DIRECT BRIBERY

Question 117

on ‘prohibited transactions 215 - by thru court order a person can become a public officer like in an court-appointed administrator.

that administrator
there are properties

Question 118

FEB 13 - LECTURE

Answer 118

FEB 13 - LECTURE

Question 119

On Art 217, in malversation committed through negligence, he need not to be benefitted by it to be criminally liable

Question 120

is demand not necessary for prosecution to prove?

Answer 120

it is still necessary.

it is at the moment of the demand you will now will be unable to give the property or funds in his possession.

while demand is NOT an element, for purposes for evidence/procedure, it is necessary for the prosecution that the offender was called into account. (being demanded)

Question 121

is Fiscal an accounting officer

ex. she was issued a laptop and chair in the DOJ, upon receipt, she is made to signed a memorandum of receipt.

Let’s say she lent the same laptop for their own personal use and thereafter was lost.

is this a crime?

does it apply to every other item an accounting officer receives (paperclips, etc.) and was used personally

Answer 121

Yes, a crime of malversation.

No, not held liable for malversation but that’s qualified theft

Question 122

private invididuals may be entrusted with public funds or public property

where there are no banks in rural areas, the gov’t would entrust it to somebody. During the time of them holding it, they are accountable

Question 123

private funds can be subject to malversation?

Answer 123

Yes

When you lease a property for a period of time, on the third year of the 5 year contract, the landlord wants to remove you.

so to not be in default, you cosign it to the court. furnish the contract to the court

then ff., the clerk of court is the custodian and the landlord didn’t claim the money and used it.

CoC will now be liable. The fact that private funds was deposited was now clothed with public character

Question 124

good faith what does it mean

Answer 124

not tenable if it was committed through abandonment or negligence

Question 125

in crim law I, negligence offenses’ imposition of penalty is lower (ex. homicide is RT, then reckless imprudence resulting to homicide is two degrees lower, PC)

Answer 125

Malversation is an exception. Negligence, Malice, Imprudence is the same.

Question 126

3 kinds of principals;
- direct participation
- inducement
- indispensable cooperation

what kind of principle

Answer 126

indispensable cooperation

if he weren’t careless, funds/property wouldn’t have been taken

Question 127

on 222,

“Administrator, depository of funds or property attached, seized, or deposited by public authority even if such property belongs to a private individual (example: sheriffs and receivers)”

administrator = sheriffs, receivers

how about judicial administrator?

Answer 127

JA is under obligation to the estate. he is NOT included in the 217-222

Question 128

in estafa w/ abuse of confidence, estafa x

the funds are always

Answer 128

private (?)

Question 129

on 219, same situation of fiscal with the laptop, when they leave or resign from office. they are to render an account and the body demanding is COA

fiscal fails to render account in a period of 2 months

Question 130

on 219, the manner by which is committed a public officer leaves for a EVERY trip abroad.

if unable to get the clearance, they are liable for 219

how come some pub officers can leave Phil for x amount of time?

Answer 130

in the occupation, they put lawyer who does not need to show a permit to travel

Question 131

on 220, or technical malversation. a municipal has been given certain funds set aside to fix a road which is 47 million.

if there is absence of damage to the government, that can be taken up as a

Answer 131

mitigating circumstance

Question 132

how is delivering prisoners from jail different from article 223?

Answer 132

offender in delivering prisoners are private individuals

if he bribed PO and PO connive w/ the prisoner, he is liable of 223

Question 133

on 221, police officer A impounds motor or took custody of it. He then used it.

The owner went to CTTO paid the fine and showed proof of ownership (registration papers) CCT then directs A to turnover

but A refuses. He can be held liable for this article

Answer 133

penalty is equivalent to the property

Question 134

on 223, not just required to have charge, he MUST BE ON DUTY at the time of the evasion

conveyance - PO is supposed to take care of the prisoners while being transferred to another place

Answer 134

PO allowed prisoner to escape and thereby in connivance with the prisoner

Question 135

BRAD - private
PETER - convicted serving sentence
PAUL - public (jailer)

Brad and Peter are best friends and the former want the latter to be free so Brad bribed Paul to let Peter free.

During Paul’s duty, he told Peter that he will pee and leave at 12 midnight. He escaped

What is Brad’s liability?

Answer 135

[Brad]
- Delivering of Prisoners
- Corrupting with Public Officials

[Paul]
- Bribery
- Conniving with or consenting to evasion

[Peter]
Evasion of Service of Sentence (157)

Question 136

on 226,

remove - remove where it belongs

conceal -

destruction - suffice that you render it useless

an old lawyer accidentally spilled the ink of his fountain pen on the falsified document. if it wouldn’t be readable, it would be considered destroyed. that old lawyer would be liable for this

Question 137

on 224, negligence, there should be definitive laxity

lax in such a way that it seems intentional

ex. Quezon city, police station is only as big as a restroom in USC. They don’t have a cell for inflagrante prisoners.

So used a container van and the recent persons inside the van. It has no window or door. So, they left the van slightly opened and locked but it was so small.

The one in charge was in an operation a night before (very sleepy) was in charged and the prisoner

what kind of laxity?

Answer 137

mere laxity will not hold anyone liable for 224

definitive laxity is what holds someone liable

circumstantial evidence

Question 138

on 225, private individual, this one has charge and custody.

in arresto menor (especially in its minimum &especially in provinces), they are placed on house arrest. In that case, some liberties must be deprived of him to feel the gravity of his crime.

The court will put that convict in another’s house and entrust it to a private individual.

Juan doesn’t like Pedro snoring so he told him to go home at night and come back early morning.

Question 139

227, 228

differentiate breaking and opening closed documents

if a knife is in a sando bag, signed, and selaed with a masking tape, that is considered a sealed document

Answer 139

227 (breaking seal)
- presupposes that the dox is sealed AND the sealed distinguishese it from any other dox for that matter

Question 140

evidence custodian, their evidence cannot be opened until the court orders so, if it is opened anytime, it
evidence is sealed with moeney but when opened, the serial number is different but the amount is the same.

who is liable?

Answer 140

evidence custodian confessed that she opened (thus breaking) it to buy medicine and she returned

Question 141

on 228,

postmaster has custody of sealed documents (registered mail) if he opens, he would be liable for this provision.

Answer 141

it’s sealed but not in the sense it would be used for evidence or public matters (national defense)

Question 142

on 229, 1st

secret must affect public interest (items gov’t intends to auction,

ex. customs officer, they disclose to interested parties what are the items in auction

secret regarding national defense is it under here?
damage is essential

Answer 142

no it is espionage

Question 143

how about books, periodicals, literature,

are they considered as documents in a legal sense?

Answer 143

No, simply because they do not extinguish obligation, confer rights, __ evidence (check old discussion)

Question 144

if document was opened pertaining ot national defense, what is the crime?

Answer 144

officer breaking seal

Question 145

on 229, (revelation of secrets by an officer)

if papers do not contain secret, it is called

Answer 145

indfiedility in the custody of documents

Question 146

Clerk of Court in charged with the juvenile cases which according to law has

Question 147

on 230,

revealtion of secret to one person he is liable, but if PO reveals it to the atty. the crime is

Answer 147

209 (betrayal of trust of an atty