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RN A&P 1 > Tissues & Integumentary System > Flashcards

Tissues & Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

tissues

A

cluster of cells similar to each other & work together to perform function

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3
Q

name the 4 types of cells

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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4
Q

how many different types of cells in body

A

200

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5
Q

somatic cell

A

all body cells except sex cells

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6
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, function

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7
Q

epithelial tissue function/place

A

sheets of cells cover exterior surface, internal cavities, forms certain glands

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8
Q

connective tissue function

A

binds cells & organs & functions in protection, support, integration of all body parts

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9
Q

muscle tissue function; name the 3 different types

A

responds to stimulation & contracting to provide movement; skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac

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10
Q

nervous tissue

A

excitable, allows electrochemical signals as nerve impulses that communicates w/rest of body

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11
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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12
Q

totipotent

A

each embryonic cell has capacity to to divide, differentiate, develop into new organism

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13
Q

ectoderm function

A

“outer”; epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary & adrenal medulla, nervous system, mouth, anus

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14
Q

mesoderm

A

“middle”; connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads

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15
Q

endoderm

A

“inner”; lining of airways/digestive system except mouth & rectum/anus, glands

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16
Q

tissue membranes

A

thin layer of sheet of cells that cover outside of body; connective & epithelial

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17
Q

connective tissue membrane

A

encapsulate organs & line movable joints

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18
Q

synovial membrane

A

connective tissue that lines freely movable joint so they can be lubricated & move freely

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19
Q

what attaches to connective tissue?

A

serous & mucous membranes (types of epithelial membranes)

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20
Q

examples of synovial membranes

A

shoulders, elbow, knee

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21
Q

synovial membranes release what type of fluid to be a natural lubricant

A

hyaluronan `

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22
Q

serous membrane

A

epithelial membrane; line cavities not open to outside, cover organs

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23
Q

cutaneous membrane (cutaneous membrane)

A

squamous epithelial membrane on top of connective tissue, dead keratinized cells are on top of this

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24
Q

basal lamina

A

mix of glycoproteins & collagen; attachment site for epithelium & connective tissue

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25
Q

reticular lamina

A

secreted from connective tissue; basal lamina attaches to this and forms basement membrane

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26
Q

epithelial characteristics:

A

highly cellular, avascular (must get nutrients from diffusion/absorption), capable of secretion

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27
Q

name the 3 ways epithelia is connected

A

tight junction, anchoring junction, gap junction

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28
Q

tight junction

A

no extracellular space between them, which means they are selective barrier since no substance can move between them

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29
Q

anchoring junction

A

3 types; desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, adherens. these junctions influence shape/folding of epithelial tissue

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30
Q

gap junction

A

intercellular passageway between membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules; allows electrical & metabolic coupling of cells

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31
Q

name the 3 cell shapes

A

squamous (flat/thin), cuboidal (wide/tall), columnar (rectangular, taller than wide).

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32
Q

name the 2 descriptive terms for cell layers

A

simple (1), stratified (multiple)

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33
Q

simple squamous epithelium appearance & example

A

thin scales; ex. endothelium, alveoli

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34
Q

endothelium

A

epithelial tissue that lines vessels of lymphatic & cardiovascular system

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35
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium forms surface layer of serous membrane that lines body cavities & internal organs

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36
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

active in secretion & absorption of molecules, lining of kidney tubules & ducts of glands

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37
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

nucleus elongated; digestive tract & female reproductive

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38
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells; found in respiratory tract

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39
Q

where is stratified epithelium

A

epidermis, lining of salivary ducts, male urethra, bladder

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40
Q

whats the most common type of stratified epithelium in the body

A

stratified squamous

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41
Q

endocrine gland

A

ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues & fluids; ex. hormones

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42
Q

exocrine gland

A

secretions leave through a duct that opens directly/indirectly to external environment; ex. mucous, sweat, saliva, breast milk

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43
Q

name the 2 types of exocrine glands

A

serous (watery, blood-plasma like secretions rich in amylase)
mucous gland (watery rich in glycoprotein mucin)

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44
Q

name the 3 ways a cell releases secretions

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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45
Q

merocrine secretions

A

most common type; secretion enclosed in vesicles that move to surface & released by exocytosis

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46
Q

apocrine secretion

A

secretion pinches off from cell & release; armpits & genitals release fatty secretions that bacteria breaks down=odor

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47
Q

holocrine secretion

A

rupture & destruction of entire gland cell; ex. oils on skin & hair

48
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer, attaches epidermis to basal lamina

49
Q

function of connective tissue

A

support/connect other tissues; transport fluid, nutrients, waste, and chemical messengers

50
Q

mesenchyme

A

first connective tissue to develop in embryo

51
Q

whats the second type of connective tissue to form in embryo

A

umbilical cord (mucous connective tissue)

52
Q

what is the most abundant cell in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblast,

53
Q

adipocytes

A

cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm; 2 types (white & brown)

54
Q

mesenchymal cell

A

multipotent stem cell; can turn into any type of connective tissue

55
Q

macrophage cell

A

type of blood cell; immune system & release small proteins that act as chemical messengers

56
Q

mast cell

A

contain signals for histamine & heparin

57
Q

collagen fiber

A

made from fibrous protein; flexible, strong, give ligaments & tendons resilience

58
Q

elastic fiber

A

return to normal size after being stretched & compressed, in skin & vertebral column

59
Q

reticular fiber

A

in liver & spleen; anchor & provide support for parenchyma (functional cells, blood vessels, nerves)

60
Q

what is ground substance & what is it made of?

A

clear matrix of tissue; polysaccharides & proteins

61
Q

where is loose connective tissue

A

between many organs, acts to absorb shock & bind tissues together; allows salts etc to diffuse through to adjacent tissues

62
Q

adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue that stores fat for energy & insulation

63
Q

areolar tissue

A

contains all cell types; fills space between muscle fibers, surrounds blood & lymph vessels, supports organs

64
Q

reticular tissue

A

mesh-like; supports framework of soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, liver

65
Q

dense connective tissues

A

more collagen fibers than loose connective; two major categories (regular & irregular)

66
Q

regular connective tissues

A

run parallel adds strength; ligaments & tendons

67
Q

irregular connective tissue

A

direction of fibers is random & adds strength in general but not in one specific direction; dermis of skin is example

68
Q

what are the 3 main types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

69
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common; short & dispersed collagen fibers; smooth; found in rib cage & nose

70
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

tough & has thick bundles of collagen fibers; menisci in knee

71
Q

elastic cartilage

A

contains elastic as well collagen & proteoglycans; gives rigid support; ear lobes

72
Q

what is the hardest connective tissue

A

bone; contains mostly collagen fibers

73
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long cylindrical fiber, striated; voluntary, produce heat; attached to bones & entrance points of body

74
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short, branched, striated; pumps blood

75
Q

smooth muscle

A

short, spindle-shaped, no striation; involuntary movement, moves food/respirations/secretions; walls of major organs/passageways

76
Q

how much of your body is made up of skeletal muscle

A

40%

77
Q

nervous tissue

A

excitable & capable of sending & receiving electrochemical signals that provide body w/info

78
Q

what are the 2 classes of nervous tissue

A

neuron & neuroglia

79
Q

intercalated discs anchor cells

A

cardiomyocytes

80
Q

astrocytes

A

regulation of ion concentration; uptake/breakdown of neurotransmitters & formation of blood-brain barrier

81
Q

microglia cells

A

protect nervous system against infection; related to macrophages

82
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

produce myelin in CNS

83
Q

Schwann cell

A

produces myelin in PNS

84
Q

which proteins are responsible for muscular contraction

A

actin & myosin

85
Q

what is the cell body of a neuron

A

soma

86
Q

function of myelin

A

insulate axons & increase action potential speed

87
Q

angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels results in vascularization of the new tissue know as granulation tissue

88
Q

NSAIDS work to reduce pain by inhibiting synthesis of what pain causing hormone

A

prostaglandins

89
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

90
Q
A
91
Q

dermal papilla

A

superficial portion of the dermis; strengthen connection between dermis & epidermis

92
Q

basal cell

A

cuboidal-shaped stem cell

93
Q

merkel cell

A

function as receptor; stimulates sensory nerves that brain perceives as touch

94
Q

melanocyte

A

produces melanin

95
Q

stratum spinosum

A

spiny; protruding cell processes that join cells via desmosome (strengthens cell bonds)

96
Q

langerhans cell

A

functions as macrophage

97
Q

stratum granulosum

A

grainy appearance due to keratinocytes

98
Q

which two proteins make up stratum granulosum

A

keratin, keratohyalin

99
Q

stratum lucidum

A

smooth, translucent layer of epidermis; only in palms, soles, digits; keratinocytes in this layer are dead/flat; contain eleiden (protein rich in lipids, provides barrier to warer)

100
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer of epidermis; 15-30 layers of dead cells; protection; replaced by cells from stratum granulosum during 4 week periods

101
Q

dermis

A

contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands; made of 2 layers produced by fibroblasts

102
Q

papillary layer

A

loose, areolar connective tissue; collagen & elastin fibers form loose mesh; projects into stratum basale of epidermis

103
Q

reticular layer

A

dense, irregular connective tissue; well vascularized & nerves

104
Q

elastin fibers

A

provide elasticity to skin

105
Q

collagen fibers

A

bind to water to strengthen skin

106
Q

hypodermis

A

connect skin to underlying fascia of bones & muscles; well vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue & adipose tissues; fat storage & insulation & cushioning

107
Q

how does the skin function as part of the immune system

A

by removing bacteria by continuously replacing epidermal cells

108
Q

name of gland that produces sweat

A

sudoriferous gland

109
Q

eccrine gland

A

produces hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation; coiled glands deep in the dermis; exocytosis release

110
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil gland; found mostly w hair follicles; generate sebum (mix of lipids) to lubricate dead/dry layer of keratinized cells; also antibacterial; stimulated by hormones

111
Q

epidermal hairs are controlled internally by

A

arrector pili muscles

112
Q

meissner corpuscle

A

responds to light touch

113
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

responds to vibration

114
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

affects mitotically active stem cells in stratum basale of epidermis; most common on head, neck, arms, back;

115
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

affects keratinocytes of stratum spinosum & presents as lesions on scalp, ears, hands; second most common;

116
Q

melanoma

A

uncontrolled growth of melanocytes; mole; most fatal

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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