Skeletal System Flashcards
osseous tissue
hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, support structure of the body
yellow bone marrow
contains adipose tissue
red marrow
hematopoiesis (production of RBC) occurs, WBD & platelets made here too
axial skeleton
vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of head, neck, chest, and back
appendicular skeleton
bones of upper/lower limbs, plus bones that attach each limb to axial skeleton, 126 bones in this category
what are the 5 categories of bones
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
the function of a sesamoid bone is to
protect tendons by assisting with compressive forces
long bone has 2 parts
diaphysis: (medullary cavity has yellow marrow), tubular shaft
epiphysis: contains spongy bone & red marrow, at end of bonesen
endosteum
inside bone, where bone growth, repair, remodeling occurs
periosteum
contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone; tendons/ligaments attach here
articular cartilage
thin layer, reduces friction & absorbs shock
diploe
spongy bone; flat bones between layers of cortical bone
articulations
where 2 bones meet, ex. knee joint
condyle
rounded surface
facet
flat surface, ex. vertebrae
tubercle
small, rounded process; ex. tubercle of humerus
tuberosity
rough surface, ex. deltoid tuberosity
what are 4 types of cells found in bone tissue
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts
osteogenic cells
develop into osteoblasts; deep layers of the periosteum & marrow
osteoblasts
bone formation; growing portion of bone including periosteum & endosteum
osteocytes
maintain mineral concentration of matrix; entrapped in matrix
osteoclasts
bone resorption; bone surfaces & at sites of old, injured, unneeded bone
where are epiphyseal plates found
at ends of long bones
periosteum
fibrous membrane on outer surface of bone
where is lacunae found
spongy bone
what is the function of a skeletal foramen
to allow passage of blood vessels
as we grow from infant to adult, the last bones to fully harden are
flat bones of the face
what is the epiphyseal plate composed of
hyaline cartilage
damaged cartilage is unable to self-repair as quickly as bone tissue because
cartilage is avascular, unlike bone
appositional growth occurs when
bones grow in diameter
what is the process of your body repairing a broken bone
- hematoma is formed, blood clot, swelling
- phagocytes (WBC) come in to clean up germs/dead cells
- osteoclasts clear away dead bone fragments
- chondroblasts form fibrocartilaginous tissue which temp holds ends together
- fibroblasts & osteoblasts form soft callus
- soft callus turns into hard callus
- osteoclasts clean up extra hard callus, but a bump may remain
broken bone at 60 degree angle protrudes through skin
open oblique
what percentage of our bones are remodeled annually
5-10%
calcium levels in the blood are regulated by the
parathyroid gland
when blood calcium gets too high, what does thyroid gland do
release of calcitonin
what does calcitonin do
inhibits osteoclast activity & stimulates calcium uptake by bones
what does PTH (parathyroid hormone) do
increases calcium uptake in small intestine
what does thyroxine do
promotes osteoblastic activity & synthesis of bone matrix
how many bones are in the skull
22
suture found in between 2 parietal bones
sagittal suture
bone that helps attach tongue
hyoid
cheekbone refers to
zygomatic
where are the paranasal sinuses located
on each side of the nose
the majority of the hard palate is comprised of
maxillary bone
the first cervical vertebrae, or C1, is aka
atlas
the thoracic cage contains how many pairs of ribs
12
where are the spinous processes located
posterior body of each vertebrae
the injury known as whiplash is due to a tear in
anterior longitudinal ligament
what is found at the thoracic costal facets
ribs
what name is given to the portion of the scapula that forms the bony tip of the shoulder
acromion
the large opening in the anteroinferior hip bone between the ischium and pubis is the
obturator foramen
the lateral side of the hip bone when the head of the femur articulates is the
acetabulum
which bone is each hip bone attached to the axial skeleton
sacrum
the sacroiliac joint allows for the articulation of
the iliac crest and the sacrum
what carries the weight of the body while in a seated position
ischial tuberosity
amphiarthrosis joint
limited mobility; ex. intervertebral disc, amphiarthrosis (pubis synthesis of pelvis)
diarthrosis joint
freely moveable joint; ex. uniaxial
elbow joint is an example of
uniaxial joint
uniaxial joint
allows for motion in a single plane, ex. elbow
biaxial joint
motion with with/in two planes, ex. knuckle joint
multiaxial joint
several directions of movement, ex. hip & shoulder joint
articular disc
meniscus; fibrocartilage structure
bursa
thin connective tissue sac w/lubricating liquid
subcutaneous bursa
between skin & underlying bone; allows skin to move freely over bone
submuscular bursa
between muscle & underlying bone
subtendinous bursa
between tendon & bone
syndesmosis
fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue
gomphosis
fibrous joint that anchors root of tooth into bony socket w/in maxillary bone; peg&socket joint
periodontal ligament
dense connective tissue between bony walls of socket & root of the tooth
synchondrosis
cartilaginous joint where bones joined by hyaline cartilage
symphysis
bones joined by fibrocartilage
