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RN A&P 1 > Chapter 1 Human Body Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Human Body Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

study of interrelationships of all the structures in specific body region, ex. Abdomen

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2
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of STRUCTURES that make up discrete body system, group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Strucure

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4
Q

Physiology

A

Function

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5
Q

Human Physiology

A

study of chem & physics of structures of the body & ways in which they work together to support func of life

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

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7
Q

Small to Large Cellular Structures

A

atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell

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8
Q

Human Cell Make Up

A

Flexible membrane that encloses cytoplasm (water-based cellular fluid) w/a variety of organelles

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9
Q

Tissues

A

cluster of cells that are similar to each other & work together to perform a body function. 4 major types of tissues: connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

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10
Q

Organ

A

Two or more different tissues (groups of cells) combine to form an organ, ex. Bladder (smooth & skeletal muscles)

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11
Q

Organ System

A

two or more organs work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. However, an organ may contribute to the functions of multiple organ systems, there are 11 major systems

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12
Q

Organismal Level

A

living being that has a cellular structure & can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What are the functions of cells internal compartments

A

Separated from external environmental threats, keep cells moist & nourished, separate internal body fluids from microorganisms that grow on body surfaces (lining of certain tracts),

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15
Q

Largest organ system

A

Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails

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16
Q

Responsiveness

A

ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal & external environments, ex. increase in body temp will create sweating

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17
Q

Movement

A

actions at joints of body, motion of individual organs & cells

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18
Q

Development

A

changes body goes through, ex. differentiation (unspecialized cells become specific to a function & structure), growth/repair

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19
Q

First Law of Thermodynamic

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only change form, 2 types of reactions

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20
Q

Catabolism

A

larger complex substances (carbs, lipids, proteins) are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules, releases energy (heat)

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21
Q

Anabolism

A

smaller, simple molecules (fatty acids, amino acids, sugars) combine into larger, complex substances, utilizing energy

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

Catabolism + Anabolism reactions w/in body, simultaneously & continuously, sum total of all chem reactions that go on to maintain organism’s health & life

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23
Q

How much of air is oxygen

A

20%

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24
Q

3 Classes of Nutrients

A

water, macros, micros

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25
Q

What happens when your body is not within homeostatic range of temperature?

A

Metabolism cannot proceed because certain proteins lose their normal structure & ability to function

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26
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

pressure exerted by gases (nitrogen & O2) , keeps gases w/in your body

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27
Q

Altitude Sickness

A

high altitudes exert less pressure so gasses are not pressed from your body

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28
Q

Decompression Sickness

A

gasses dissolved in blood/body tissues are no longer dissolved because of reduction of pressure on body too quickly, when moving from high pressure to low pressure too quickly the nitrogen is released from blood too quickly and creates bubbles, symptoms are headache, vision disturbances

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29
Q

Hyperbaric chambers

A

introduces oxygen at a high pressure & increases oxygen in blood to replace lost nitrogen

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30
Q

Conscious, voluntary movement is accomplished by

A

skeletal muscles

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31
Q

setpoint of homeostasis

A

physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates, if it varies & goes too high/low the body has systems in place to reduce/negate stimulus through negative feedback mechanism

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32
Q

what is setpoint for body temp

A

37c or 98.6f

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33
Q

negative feedback

A

mechanism that reverses a deviation from set point

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34
Q

sensor

A

aka receptor, in feedback system it monitors physiological value

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35
Q

control center

A

compares value to normal range in feedback system

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36
Q

effector

A

causes change to reverse the situation & return value to normal range in feedback system

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37
Q

negative feedback loop process

A

stimulus -> sensor -> control -> effector

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38
Q

What are the 3 reactions from the “heat-loss center” part of the brain when temp exceeds normal range?

A
  1. blood vessels in skin dilate allowing blood & heat to radiate into environment
  2. more water used in blood & sweat
  3. respirations increases & person may breathe through mouth
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39
Q

Positive Feedback

A

intensifies body’s physiological condition, ex. childbirth & reversing extreme damage to body

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40
Q

Identify the stimulus, sensor, & effectors of child birth

A

stimulus-> first contraction of labor, head moves toward cervix
Sensor-> nerve cells in cervix that monitors degree of stretching
effector-> oxytocin causes stronger contractions

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41
Q

Thyroid effects which process

A

metabolism

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42
Q

superior

A

above or higher

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43
Q

inferior

A

below or lower than another

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44
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front/ towards front of body

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45
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back/direction toward back of body

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46
Q

lateral

A

side/direction toward side of body

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47
Q

medial

A

middle/toward middle of body

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48
Q

proximal

A

position in limb that is nearer to point of attachment or trunk of body

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49
Q

distal

A

point of limb that is nearer to point of attachment of trunk of body

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50
Q

superficial

A

position closer to surface of body

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51
Q

frontal plane (coronal plane)

A

divides body into anterior (front) or posterior (rear) portion

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52
Q

transverse plane (horizontal/axial)

A

divides body in upper and lower portions

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53
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertically into right & left portions

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54
Q

midsagittal (median)

A

directly down the middle

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55
Q

parasagittal plane (longitudinal)

A

line that separates left & right but is not proportionally down the middle

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56
Q

flexion

A

only in sagittal plane, ex. forward bending of neck or body

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57
Q

extension

A

posterior directed motion ex. bending head backwards, straightening from flexed position

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58
Q

abduction

A

moving limb/hand laterally away from the body, spreading fingers/toes

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59
Q

adduction

A

brings limb/hand toward/across midline of body

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60
Q

circumduction

A

movement of limb, hand, finger in circular pattern using sequential combo of flexion, adduction, extension, abduction motions

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61
Q

lateral rotation

A

rotating away from midline of body

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62
Q

medial rotation

A

rotating joint inwards to midline of body

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63
Q

dorsal (posterior) cavity

A

contains cranial and vertebral cavities

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64
Q

what are the 2 largest cavities

A

dorsal & ventral body

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65
Q

ventral cavity

A

towards the front of the body, contain the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

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66
Q

thoracic cavity

A

superior subdivision of anterior cavity, enclosed by rib cage, contains lungs/heart, diaphragm is floor of cavity

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67
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

largest cavity of the body, with in is 2 cavities & no membrane separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity

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68
Q

how many regions are there

A

9- in order from top left to bottom right,
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

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69
Q

What are the 2 cavities w/in thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum, pleural

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70
Q

dorsal cavity

A

towards the back of the body, contain spinal & cranial cavities

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71
Q

serous membrane (serosa)

A

thin membrane that covers walls & organs in thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities& heart

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72
Q

parietal layers

A

line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to cavity wall)

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73
Q

visceral layer

A

covers organs (viscera)

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74
Q

tomography

A

imaging by sections

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75
Q

what does CT stand for

A

computed tomography

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76
Q

what does MRI stand for

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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77
Q

How does ultrasonography work

A

transmission of high frequency sound waves into body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into images

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78
Q

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

protect & cushion brain

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79
Q

peritoneum

A

envelops visceral organ of the abdominal cavity

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80
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane surrounding lungs in pleural cavity

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81
Q

pericardium

A

serous membrane that surrounds heart in the pericardial cavity

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82
Q

election charge

A

negative, 1/2000th mass of a proton or neutron

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83
Q

proton

A

positive, in nucleus

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84
Q

neutron

A

neutral, nucleus

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85
Q

planetary model

A

electrons are in fixed orbit as rings, precise distance from nucleus

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86
Q

electron cloud model

A

electrons of carbon are shown in variety of locations

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87
Q

elements

A

118 in the world, purest substance, cannot be created or destroyed

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88
Q

What are 3 different types of chemical bonding

A

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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89
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion, a bonding results in losing an electron and has a + charge, ex. K+ potassium

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90
Q

anion

A

negative charge due to gaining an electron in bonding, ex. F- fluoride

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91
Q

ionic bond

A

ongoing, close association between ions of opposite charges, ex. table salt

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92
Q

How does an EKG produce waves

A

water inside the body breaks the ionic bond of electrolytes such as salts, these dissolved ions produce electrical charges w/in the body and the ecg reads these charges

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93
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons w/in molecules to stabilize, this bond is stronger than ionic bonds

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94
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule that contains regions that have opposite electrical charges, this occurs when atoms in a covalent bond share electrons unequally, ex. water
because of the unbalance, water molecules have a stronger attraction to each other to balance each other

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95
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (ex. oxygen in water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule. ex. water molecules hydrogen bonding together
a hydrogen bond will always include a hydrogen that is already apart of a polar molecule

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96
Q

why is water considered a universal solvent

A

because of the attraction of water molecules to other types of charged ions,
it dissolves/dissociates ionic bonds

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97
Q

where is potential energy stored in the human body

A

between atoms & molecules

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98
Q

what is chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds, released when bonds are broken

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99
Q

exergonic

A

chem reactions that release more energy than they absorb, ex. food in an energy bar eaten

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100
Q

endergonic

A

chem reactions that absorb more energy than they release, reactions require energy input & resulting molecule stores not only chem energy in original components but also the energy that fueled reaction

101
Q

mechanical energy

A

stored in machines, engines, human body, powers movement of matter, ex. picking up a brick and putting it into a wall, your muscles are the mechanical energy

102
Q

radiant energy

A

energy emitted & transmitted as waves rather than matter. full spectrum is electromagnetic spectrum. ex. body uses ultraviolet energy of sunlight into vitamin D in skin cells

103
Q

electrical energy

A

supplied by electrolytes in cells & body fluids, contribute to voltage changes that transmit impulses in nerve & muscle cells

104
Q

what kind of bonds does water have

A

covalent & hydrogen

105
Q

number of protons equals the number of what (without + or - charge)

A

electrons , they are attracted to each other

106
Q

what are the four major elements of the body

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

107
Q

why are chemical bonds important to the human body

A

homeostasis, signaling, energy production

108
Q

Functions of water in the body

A

temp regulation, move solutes to cells, digestion, helps lungs expand & recoil, cushions joints

109
Q

why is water hydrophilic (water-loving)

A

because water is polar, has + & - regions, this means it can easily dissolve ionic & polar covalent compounds

110
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water-fearing”, nonpolar molecules can not dissolve in water

111
Q

solution consists of what

A

solvent & solutes, they make a homogeneous mixture, equally distributed even if the ratio is not, ex. sugar in water

112
Q

colloid

A

mixture like a heavy solution, solute particles consist of tiny clumps of molecules large enough to make liquid mixture opaque, ex. milk & cream

113
Q

Suspension

A

liquid mixture which heavier substance is suspended temp in liquid but settles out eventually

114
Q

sedimentation

A

separation of particles form suspension, ex. sedimentation test of blood, if RBC clump together too fast it could indicate a disease

115
Q

isotonic solution

A

the same amount of solutes & solvents

116
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

more solutes than solvents

117
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

fewer solutes compared to solvents

118
Q

osmoregulation

A

contrl of fluid balance & composition in body

119
Q

dehydration synthesis (anabolism or condensation reaction)

A

chem reaction, 1 reactant gives up an atom of hydrogen & another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group (OH) in synthesis of new product

120
Q

hydrolysis (catabolism)

A

water disrupts a compound, breaks bond into OH and O & then bonds to 2 separate monomers

121
Q

Salts

A

formed when ions form ionic bonds, 1 atom gives up electrons & becomes positively charged & the other one takes electrons & becomes negatively chrgd.

122
Q

what is referenced by a “heat sink”

A

something that absorbs body heat w/out a significant change in temp

123
Q

what happens to the solid particles that are present in a suspension

A

they settle out over time

124
Q

tonicity

A

refers to concentration of solutes in solution outside of the cell & effects on cellular fluid volume

125
Q

acid

A

releases hydrogen ions into solution, strong acids ionize completely (loose all H+) ex. HCl (stomach acid) ex. weak acid; vinegar

126
Q

bases

A

release hydroxyl (OH-) ions into solution or accepts H+ to form water. Strong bases release all hydroxyls. weak acid; bicarbonate (in digestive tract to negate HCl)

127
Q

pH scale

A

0-6 acid, 7 neutral, 8-14 basic. Increments of 10X when moving up or down scale. Ex, a pH of 4 is 10X more acidic than a pH of 5. Water= pH 7

128
Q

red litmus paper changes to blue for which

A

alkalines

129
Q

blue litmus paper changes to red for

A

acidic

130
Q

pH of human blood

A

7.35-7.45, slightly basic

131
Q

what are some causes of acidosis

A

ineffective breathing especially ability to exhale fully, metabolic problems that reduce level of buffers (too much diarrhea, too much bicarbonate can be lost from the body allowing a back up), poorly managed diabetes (build up of ketones lead to DKA)

132
Q

what causes alkalosis

A

respiratory disorders (CO2 levels fall too low), aspirin OD, shock, anxiety, metabolic reasons (prolonged severe vomiting, loss of chloride & hydrogen), certain meds (diuretics, antacids)

133
Q

buffer

A

solution of a weak acid & conjugate base

134
Q

organic compounds

A

have a carbon core w/4 electrons in valence shell, share electrons via covalent bonds, usually C-C to create long carbon chains, but they can share w other elements one of which will always be Hydrogen

135
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds & function as single unit

136
Q

what are the 5 most important functional groups in physiology

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, methyl, phosphate

137
Q

how do monomers form polymers

A

dehydration synthesis, release of water molecule

138
Q

hydrated carbon

A

carbohydrate (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

139
Q

saccharides

A

carbohydrates

140
Q

monosaccharide & the 5 types

A

monomer of carbs; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

141
Q

disaccharide

A

pair of monosaccharides; formed by dehydration synthesis

142
Q

glycosidic bond

A

links monosaccharides to form disaccharide

143
Q

name the 3 disaccharides

A

sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)

144
Q

can your body digest disaccharides?

A

no it needs to go through hydrolysis in your digestive tract

145
Q

polysaccharides

A

unlimited monosaccharide chains

146
Q

starches

A

polymers of glucose, long chains called amylose/branched chains called amylopectin, stored in plant based food

147
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose, stored in tissues of animals (muscles/liver)

148
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide; primary component of cell wall of green plants, this is fiber, not digestible

149
Q

What ATP composed of

A

ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups, produced when glucose is broken down

150
Q

can carb molecules bind w/ other macros?

A

yes to form glycoproteins & glycolipids; membrane of cells

151
Q

lipids composed of mostly

A

hydrocarbons

152
Q

why are all hydrocarbons hydrophobic

A

because they are nonpolar, lipids form emulsions in water (they do not mix)

153
Q

trigylceride

A

most common dietary lipid groups aka fat; form via dehydration synthesis

154
Q

what molecules make a triglyceride compound

A

glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acid chains

155
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double carbon bond, contain max # of hydrogen atoms, ex. butter & lard & body fat

156
Q

monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids w/ 1 double carbon bond, liquid at room temp, ex. plant oils

157
Q

what are the benefits of triglycerides on the body

A

provides energy while sleeping, low/slow activities (hiking, gardening), absorption & transport of vitamins A, D, E, K, stored body fat protects & cushions bodies bones & organs

158
Q

lipoproteins

A

compounds in which hydrophobic triglycerides packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids

159
Q

phospholipid

A

bond between glycerol component of a lipid & phosphorous molecule

160
Q

phospholipids head & tail qualities

A

head; polar, hydrophilic. tail; neutral fatty acid, hydrophobic

161
Q

steroid

A

aka sterol, most commonly synthesized n body is cholesterol (made in liver); hydrophobic (polar head though),

162
Q

why is cholesterol important

A

emulsify dietary fat (bile), building block of many hormones, in cell membrane/help regulate substances in and out of cell membrane

163
Q

prostaglandins

A

help regulate BP/inflammation, reduce risk of heart disease; derived from unsaturated fatty acids; sensitize nerves to pain (NSAIDA counteract this effect)

164
Q

protein

A

composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

165
Q

where are proteins in the body

A

keratin in epidermis, collagen in dermis, meninges brain & spinal cord, digestive enzymes in digestive tract, antibodies, neurotransmitters, peptide based hormones

165
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

166
Q

what do all amino acids consist of

A

hydrogen atom, alkaline amino acid NH2, acidic carboxyl COOH, variable group

167
Q

how do amino acids join

A

dehydration synthesis, form protein polymers aka peptide bond

168
Q

what kind of bond is a peptide bond

A

covalent bond

169
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

an amino acid chain of fewer than 100 amino acids

170
Q

how do we determine a protein’s shape

A

sequence of amino acid aka primary structure

171
Q

what is the most common secondary structure

A

spiral alpha-helix, hydrogen bonds help

172
Q

what is a disulfide bond

A

covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide

173
Q

tertiary structure

A

secondary structure of proteins, 3D shape

174
Q

what is an example of four tertiary polypeptides

A

hemoglobin

175
Q

what is denaturation of proteins

A

extreme heat, acids, bases will change structure of molecule through physical & chemical means, ex. curdling of milk w/acidic lemon juice present

176
Q

what is an example of a globe and slender shaped protein

A

globe: hemoglobin, rod: muscle tissue

177
Q

substrate

A

beginning of enzymatic reaction, they bind to enzymes, exactly matched enzyme for each substrate

178
Q

active sites

A

where the substrate binds to an enzyme

179
Q

nucleotide

A

class of organic compounds composed of 3 subunits : 1 or more phosphate group, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), nitrogen-containing base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil)

180
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA made of nucleotides

181
Q

What does DNA contain

A

deoxyribose, contain 1 phosphate & 1 nitrogen containing base, choose 1 for base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

182
Q

RNA contains

A

ribose, phosphate & nitrogen base, 1 choice for base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

183
Q

purines

A

nitrogen containing base adenine & guanine, double ring structure w/ multiple nitrogen atoms

184
Q

pyrimidines

A

baes cytosin, thymine, uracil, nitrogen containing base w single ring structure

185
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside of cell, phosphate groups are polar & hydrophilic so they are attracted to water inside the intracellular fluid

186
Q

extracellular fluid

A

phosphate groups also attracted to this

187
Q

interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid not contained w/in blood vessels

188
Q

what makes up the cell membrane

A

primarily back to back phospholipids, amino acids, cholesterol

189
Q

integral protein

A

protein embedded in membrane

190
Q

channel protein

A

ex of integral protein that selectively allows particular materials (ions) to pass in or out

191
Q

recognition

A

ex of integral protein, marks cells identity so it is recognized by other cells

192
Q

receptor

A

recognition protein that binds to other moleculesl

193
Q

ligand

A

ex of receptor, ex. nerve cells that bind neurotransmitters

194
Q

peripheral proteins

A

inner/outer surface of lipid bilayer perform specific function

195
Q

what ions and nutrients can pass through the cell wall

A

Ca++, Na+, K+, CL-; sugars, fatty acids, amino acids; CO2

196
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a substance across a space; will go more to less until equal, “moving down con. gradient”

197
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from high con to low con, passive transport ex. O2 & CO2 & water

198
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion process used for substances that cannot cross lipid bilayer due to size/charge, ex. glucose into cell (lrg & polar) can only pass w/ glucose transporter

199
Q

filtration

A

uses hydrostatic pressure gradient pushes fluid from high pressure to low pressure, ex. circulatory system uses filtration to move plasma & substances across endothelial lining of capillaries & tissues

200
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP to move substance against concentration gradient, ex. proteins that serve as pumps; sodium-postassium pump (Na+ in K+ out)

201
Q

nuclear envelope

A

nucleus membrane, inside is nucleoplasm w/solutes

202
Q

nucleolus

A

inside nucleus, makes RNA for ribosomes

203
Q

chromatin

A

made of DNA & protein

204
Q

histone protein

A

DNA wrapped around inside chromatin threads

205
Q

nucleosome

A

single, wrapped DNA-histone complex

206
Q

chromosome

A

DNA & protein; condensed form of chromatin

207
Q

what type of cells do not divide

A

nerve cells, skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle cells

208
Q

DNA ladder composed of

A

alternating sugar & phosphate groups; not identical

209
Q

adenine binds w

A

thymine

210
Q

cytosine binds w

A

guanine

211
Q

DNA replication (copying of DNA) occurs before

A

cell division

212
Q

Stage 1 of DNA replications

A

initiation: 2 complementary strands are separated; helicase (special enzymes) untwist & separate into 2 strands

213
Q

semiconservative

A

describes DNA replication; 1 strand existing, 1 strand new

214
Q

stage 2 DNA replication

A

elongation; each strand becomes template for new strand; DNA polymerase (enzyme that adds free nucleotides) matches correct base to create new strand

215
Q

stage 3 DNA replication

A

termination; 2 original strands are bound to their own complementary strand

216
Q

sister chromatid

A

each copy of chromosome; physically bound to the other copy

217
Q

centromere

A

structure that attaches one sister chromatid to another (92 chromatids) in cell

218
Q

interphase

A

cell is not dividing during this phase

219
Q

mitosis

A

division of genetic material during 5 different phases; cell nucleus breaks down & 2 nuclei form

220
Q

cytokinesis

A

divides cytoplasm into 2 cells

221
Q

mitotic phase

A

cell undergoes 2 processes; 1. completes mitosis (nucleus divided). 2. cytokinesis

222
Q

prophase

A

loosely packed chromatin coils & condenses into chromosomes (forms sister chromatids)

223
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles

224
Q

mitotic spindle

A

composed of centrosomes & emerging microtubules

225
Q

prometaphase

A

transition between prophase and metaphase; microtubules enter nuclear area from mitotic spindle

226
Q

metaphase

A

2nd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids w/attached microtubules

227
Q

anaphase

A

3rd stage of mitosis; pairs of sister chromatids are separated

228
Q

telophase

A

final stage of mitosis; formation of 2 new daughter nuclei

229
Q

cleavage furrow

A

contractile band made up of microfilaments that form around the midline of the cell during cytokinesis

230
Q

transcription factore

A

class of proteins that bind to specific genes on DNA molecule & promote/inhibit transcription

231
Q

nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids are joined together by what bond

A

hydrogen

232
Q

transcription

A

mRNA strand created from nucleotides matching DNA template

233
Q

translation

A

polypeptide chain is created from tRNAs matching anticodons to mRNA codons

234
Q

why are enzymes (proteins) important to the cell

A

speeds up biochemical reactions

235
Q

gene

A

functional segment of DNA that provides genetic info necessary to build protein

236
Q

gene expression

A

transforms info coded in gene to final gene product; dictates structure & function of cell

237
Q

triplet

A

section of 3 DNA bases in row that codes specific amino acid

238
Q

messenger RNA

A

single stranded nucleic acid carries copy of genetic code for single gene out of nucleus & into cytoplasm to produce proteins

239
Q

what is the difference between DNA & RNA

A

RNA is single stranded, ribose sugar in RNA contains additional oxygen atom, RNA contains base uracil instead of thymine

240
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of strand of mRNA that is complementary to gene of interest

241
Q

codon

A

3 base sequence of mRNA & directly encode amino acids

242
Q

promoter

A

nucleotides that trigger transcription (stage 1; initiation)

243
Q

stage 2 of protein transcription

A

elongation; RNA polymerase unwinds DNA & aligns correct nucleic acid w/ complementary base on DNA

244
Q

stage 3 of protein transcription

A

polymerase reaches end of gene & codes “stop” signal

245
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

this + proteins will compose structure of ribosome

246
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

ferries appropriate amino acid to ribosome, builds polypeptide

247
Q

polyribosome

A

string of ribosomes translating single mRNA strand

248
Q
A

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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