Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RN A&P 1 > Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-RN® flashcards
1
Q

what causes contraction in a muscle

A

protein actin pulled by protein myosin; only in striated muscles after binding sites are exposed in response to calcium and proteins troponin and tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many nucleuses do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles have

A

skeletal: multinucleated
Cardiac: 1-2 nuclei
smooth: 1 nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

cardiac has 1 nuclei; muscle fibers are shorter; possess many mitochondria & myoglobin; branched & connected by intercalated disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intercalated discs

A

apart of sarcolemma; allow cardiac muscle cells to contract in wave-like pattern so heart can pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gap junction in cardiac cells

A

forms channels between muscle fibers that allow depolarizing current produced by cations to flow from cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

desmosomes

A

cell structure that anchors ends of cardiac muscle fibers together so cells do not pull apart during stress of individual fibers contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what nervous system do pacemaker cells respond to

A

autonomic nervous system; controls heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functional syncytium

A

begins w/ pacemaker cells; wave of contraction that allows heart to work as a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

features of smooth muscle fibers

A

spindle shaped like football; single nucelus; thousands times shorter than skeletal fibers; produce their own connective tissue endomysium; no striations but do contain actin/myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do smooth muscles contain troponin?

A

no they have protein called calmodulin; Ca++ binds to calmodulin to activate enzyme myosin kinase which attach to thin filaments & when those move past thick filaments it stimulates pull and contraction of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

smooth muscle energy

A

power output low but contractions must continue always, so Ca++ always present to maintain muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

motor units

A

axon-like swelling called “boutons” from autonomic neurons form motor units through smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 2 different smooth muscles & locatoins

A

single unit: walls of visceral organs; has its muscle fibers joined by gap junctions so that they contract as one unit; aka visceral muscle; has stress-relaxation response meaning they can stretch & fill w/out releasing contents
multi unit: rarely posses gap junctions; contraction does not spread cell to cell; stimuli comes from ANS & hormones not stretching; large blood vessels/resp tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hyperlasia

A

smooth muscle can divide to produce more cells, ex. uterus at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epimysium

A

irregular connective tissue wrapped around each muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fascicle

A

individual skeletal muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

perimysium

A

middle layer connective tissue inside each fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

endomysium

A

in each fascicle; encases muscle fiber; thin connective tissue; made of collagen & reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aponeurosis

A

aka fascia; connective tissue between skin & bones; ex. lats

20
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers

21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

stores releases and retrieves CA++

22
Q

actin

A

thin filaments

23
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

24
Q

sarcomere

A

packet of microfilaments & proteins such as troponin & tropomyosin; bordered by z-discs; run entire length of muscle fiber;

25
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where muscle fiber first responds to signaling by motor neuron; where motor neurons terminal meets muscle fiber

26
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

process involved in skeletal muscle contraction; skeletal muscle fibers to contract; sweeps through sarcolemma; Ca++ is released from SR; myosin then pulls actin filaments towards center & shortens muscle

27
Q

t-tubules role

A

carry action potential into interior cell to trigger opening of calcium channels in membrane of adjacent SR; causes Ca++ to diffuse out into sarcoplasm and trigger muscle contraction

28
Q

what stimulates muscle contraction

A

Na+ enters & releases Ca++ from SR sustained by ATP

29
Q

what is the sliding filament of contraction

A

signaled by motor neuron; thin filaments are pulled & slide over thick filaments w/sacromeres when Ca++ enters sarcoplasm

30
Q

tropomyosin

A

winds around chains of actin filament covers myosin binding sites to prevent actin from binding there; topomyosin binds to troponin & Ca++

31
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

tropomyosin exposes myosin binding site on actin filament; Ca++ binds to troponin & move tropomyosin; then thin filaments are pulled by myosin heads to slide past thick filaments toward sarcomere

32
Q

what are the three ways ATP can be regenerated

A

creatine phosphate metabolism; anaerobic glycolysis & fermentation; aerobic respiration

33
Q

creatine phosphate

A

molecule that can store energy in phosphate bonds; atp transfers energy to creatine & this can be used during first 15 seconds of energy source

34
Q

anaerobic glycolysis & fermentation

A

second source of energy; non oxygen dependent process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP; slower than creatine phosphate; breaks down glycogen stores & converts to lactic acid; good for short bursts of energy

35
Q

aerobic respiration

A

breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen produces CO2 H2O and ATP; takes place in mitochondria; this provides ATP for resting/moderate activity; uses circulating glucose in blood stream/pyruvic acid/fatty acids; increases efficiency of circulatory system so o2 can be supplied to muscles longer

36
Q

what type of molecule is myoglobin

A

protein

37
Q

what are the products of atp hydrolyzation

A

ADP and Phosphate

38
Q

when muscle atrophies what happens

A

number of sacromeres & myofibrils decreases

39
Q

what is two criteria to consider when classifying types of muscle fibers

A

how fast some fibers contract relative to others & how fibers produce ATP

40
Q

three main types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  1. slow oxidative fibers contract relatively slowly & use aerobic respiration
  2. fast oxidative fibers have fast contractions & primarily use aerobic respiration but fatigue quicker than SO fibers
  3. fast glycolytic fibers have fast contractions & primarily use anaerobic glycolysis; fatigue the quickest
41
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of more extensive capillary networks around the fiber; supply O2 & remove metabolic waste

42
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled

43
Q

origin

A

end of the muscle attached to a fixed bone

44
Q

antagonist

A

maintain body/limb position; control rapid movement

45
Q

what are the main 6 major fascicle arrangements

A

parallel, fusiform, circular, convergent, bipennate, unipennate, multipennate

46
Q

what are the 4 pairs of abdominal muscles

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

47
Q

linea alba

A

fibrous band that is bilateral rectus sheaths that join anterior midline of body; enclose rectus abdominis

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions