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RN A&P 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

cns includes

A

brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

pns

A

all nerves except brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

two basic structure of nervous system

A

neurons & glial cells

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4
Q

gray matter made of

A

many cell bodies & dendrites; actually pinkish

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5
Q

white matter contains

A

many axons; axons are insulated by lipid-rich substance called myelin

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6
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies; in PNS

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7
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons, fibers found in CNS

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8
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons, fibers in PNS

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9
Q

insulation for axons in nervous system is provided by

A

glial cells, oligodendrocytes in CNS, schwann cells in PNS

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10
Q

myelin

A

lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon & creates a myelin sheath that facilitates transmission of electrical along the axon

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11
Q

demyelination

A

myelin insulation of axons is compromised making electrical signaling slower; diseases like MS & Guillain-Barre syndrome

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12
Q

which of the following shows the correct order of nervous transmission

A

dendrite - soma - axon

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13
Q

cells of the nervous system are termed

A

neurons

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14
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses to communicate w/different cells; produce movement in response to stimuli

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15
Q

glial cells

A

considered supporting cells to the neurons

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16
Q

what are the four different types of glial cells CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, micorglial cells, ependrymal cells

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17
Q

two different glial cells in PNS

A

satellite cells, schwann cells

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18
Q

astrocytes

A

most common type have numerous processes that support neurons & connect them to nutrient-rich capillaries; support by maintaining concentration of chemicals in extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, contributing to blood brain barrier

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19
Q

oligodendroctyes

A

form myelin sheaths that protect neurons and increase conduction speed in CNS; provide myelin for multiple axon segments for same or different axons

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20
Q

ependymal cells

A

line central cavities of brain & spinal cord & ventricles, help produce & circulate cerebrospinal fluid;

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21
Q

microglia

A

provide immune system by using phagocytosis to remove pathogens that pass blood-brain barrier or are introduced directly into brain; originate as white blood cells macrophages; aka CNS resident macrophages

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22
Q

axon

A

fiber that emerges from cell body & projects to target cells

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23
Q

dendrites

A

receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called synapses

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24
Q

what does is it mean when a neuron has polarity

A

information flows in this one direction

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25
Q

axon hillock

A

where axon emerges from cell body; tapering of cell body toward axon fiber

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26
Q

axoplasm

A

w/in axon hillock, cytoplasm changes to solution of limited components

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27
Q

initial segment of axon

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

node of ranvier

A

gap in myelin covering

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29
Q

axon segment

A

length of the axon between each gap, wrapped in myelin

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30
Q

axon terminal

A

end of axon; several branches extending toward the target cell ends in enlargement called synaptic end bulb

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31
Q

unipolar cells

A

one process emerging from the cell; found in invertebrate animals; cell bodies always found in ganglia

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32
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes; extend from each end of the cell body opposite to each other; one axon and one dendrite; not common; found in olfactory epithelium & retina

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33
Q

multipolar neurons

A

one axon and two or more dendrites;

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34
Q

blood brain barrier

A

keeps many substances that circulate in rest of body from getting into central nervous system; restricting what can cross from blood in CNS

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35
Q

satellite cell

A

found in sensory & autonomic ganglia; surround cell bodies of neurons; provide support, performing similar functions in periphery as astrocytes do in CNS

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36
Q

schwann cell

A

insulates axons w/myelin in periphery; wraps around portion of only one axon segment & no others; oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments whereas entire schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment

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37
Q

what is the extension of the cell membrane of neurons called

A

processes

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38
Q

what are the three primary vesicles developed

A

prosencephalon (front), mesencephalon (middle), rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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39
Q

secondary vesicles developed

A

prosencephalon turns into telencephalon & diencephalon, telencephalon will become cerebrum & diencephalon turns into thalamus & hypothalamus

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40
Q

the part of the brain that acts as a relay for sensory information

A

thalamus

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41
Q

threshold

A

amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential

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42
Q

conscious perception of a sensory stimulus is accomplished by which part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

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43
Q

movement of an action potential along an axon

A

propagation

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44
Q

size exclusion

A

ion channels can specified by diameter of pore; distance between amino acid will be specific for diameter of ion; large pores are not ideal for smaller ions because water molecules will interact

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45
Q

nonspecific channel

A

ion channels are selective for charge but not size; allow cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+) to cross membrane but not anions

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46
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

ligand binds to protein ions across membrane changing its charge

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47
Q

mechanically gated channel

A

opens because of a physical distortion of the cell membrane; associated w/sense of touch

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48
Q

voltage-gated channel

A

responds to changes in electrical properties of membrane which is embedded; inner portion of membrane is negative voltage; less negative means channel allows ions to cross membrane

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49
Q

leakage channel

A

randomly gated; opens & closes at random; leakage channels contribute to resting transmembrane voltage of excitable membrane

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50
Q

membrane potential measures ____ charge relative to charge outside the cell

A

intracellular

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51
Q

depolarization of a cell

A

starting voltage is -70 mV; sodium cation entering cell will cause it to become more positive; membrane potential moves toward zero

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52
Q

repolarization of the cell

A

K+ leaves the cell and takes its positive charge w/ it; eventually the cell will reach a threshold and move back toward resting voltage of -70mV

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53
Q

what are the 2 types of voltage-gated Na+ Channels

A

activation gate; opens when membrane potential crosses -55 mV; inactivation gate- closes after a specific period of time

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54
Q

voltage-gated K+ channel

A

sensitive to -50 mV; doesn’t open as fast as Na+ channel; when Na+ flow peaks voltage-gated K+ channels open

55
Q

continuous conduction

A

propagation along unmyelinated axon; slow; Na+ rushing into cell

56
Q

saltatory conduction

A

propagation along myelinated axon

57
Q

resistance in terms of electrical propagation along a neuron is due to

A

speed of depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon

58
Q

action potentials are initiated by a release of ___ in the membrane through ion channels

A

sodium

59
Q

generator potential

A

graded potentials develop in dendrites that influence generation of an action potential in axon of same cell; unipolar cells of sensory neurons

60
Q

receptor potential

A

photoreceptors of retina, sensory receptor cells; graded membranes result in release of neurotransmitters at synapses

61
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

causes membrane potential to move toward threshold

62
Q

Postsynaptic potential (PSP)

A

graded potential in dendrites of neuron that is receiving synapses from other cells; depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

63
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarization in a postsynaptic potential; causes membrane potential to move away from threshold

64
Q

summation

A

takes place in axon hillock; can be spatial & temporal, result of multiple graded potentials at different locations of the neuron or all at the same place but separated in time

65
Q

spatial summation

A

associating activity of multiple inputs to a neuron w/each other

66
Q

temporal summation

A

relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in significant change in membrane potential

67
Q

electrical synapse

A

direct connection between two cells so that ions pass directly from one cell to the next; if one cell is depolarized than the other does as well

68
Q

chemical synapses

A

involve transmission of chemical info from one cell to the next; ex. NMJ; contain neurotransmitter, presynaptic element, synaptic cleft, receptor proteins, postsynaptic element, neurotransmitter elimination or re-uptake

69
Q

what are the two receptors in cholinergic system

A

nicotinic receptor & muscarinic receptor

70
Q

amino acids

A

group of neurotransmitters; includes glutamate, GABA, glycine

71
Q

biogenic amine

A

group of transmitters enzymatically made from amino acids; serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

72
Q

neuropeptides

A

neurotransmitter molecule made up of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

73
Q

summation of graded potentials refers to

A

cumulative changes in membrane potential across a neuron

74
Q

amount of electrical voltage change in a membrane due to a stimulus is determined most significantly by

A

size of the stimulus

75
Q

graded potential is associated w/which part of the neuron

A

dendrites

76
Q

what happens to amino acid neurotransmitters after they are active in a stimulus transmission

A

recycled & used again

77
Q

aorta

A

carries recently oxygenated blood away from heart; first branch supply heart w/nutrients & O2; next branches lead into common carotid arteries & internal carotid arteries

78
Q

internal carotid artery enters the cranium in temporal lobe through which canal

A

carotid canal

79
Q

which arteries pass through foramen magnum of occipital bone

A

vertebral arteries; supply CNS

80
Q

after passing through CNS, blood returns to circulation through what

A

dural sinuses & veins

81
Q

ventricles

A

open spaces w/in brain where CSF circulates

82
Q

CSF function

A

circulates to remove metabolic wastes from interstitial fluids of nervous tissues & return them to bloodstream

83
Q

the four ventricles w/in brain

A

within central canal; lateral ventricles (2), space between L & R sides of diencephalon; space between cerebellum & pons & upper medulla

84
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced

A

w/in ventricles by choroid plexus; fluid is clear & made of water, small molecules & electrolytes

85
Q

perfusion to the brain is maintained by

A

circle of willis

86
Q

Dura Mater

A

covers brain; entire CNS & major blood vessels that enter cranium

87
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges; sac like enclosure around CNS; circulates CSF;

88
Q

Pia Mater

A

outer surface of CNS covered in thin fibrous membrane; continuous layer of cells providing a fluid-impermeable membrane

89
Q

corpus callosum

A

provides pathway for communication between two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

90
Q

basal nuclei

A

responsible for cognitive processing

91
Q

basal forebrain

A

contains nuclei that are important in learning & memory

92
Q

limbic cortex

A

part of limbic system; collection of structures involved in emotion, memory, behavior

93
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory sensation, memory

94
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensation; general sensations associated w/body; postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensation) tactile senses

95
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor functions; precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex); premotor area (thinking of movement to be made); frontal eye fields (eliciting eye movements); broca’s area (production of language, speech); prefrontal lobe (personality, short-term memory, consciousness)

96
Q

hippocampus & amygdala

A

long term memory formation & emotional responses

97
Q

direct pathway

A

projection of axons from striatum to globus pallidus internal segment & substantia nigra pars reticulata

98
Q

indirect pathway

A

projection of axons from striatum to globus pallidus external segment to subthalamic nucleus and then to GPi/SNr

99
Q

disinhibition

A

inhibition of one cell on a target cell that then inhibits first cell

100
Q

substantia nigra pars compacta

A

switch between two pathways; projects into striatum & releases neurotransmitter dopamine

101
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer portion of cerebrum composed of grey matter

102
Q

diencephalon

A

brain, spinal cord, PNS send info to cerebrum through here except olfaction; any region w/ “thalamus” in name;

103
Q

thalamus

A

relay info between cerebral cortex & periphery, spinal cord, brain stem

104
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”;

105
Q

axons entering dorsal nerve root of the vertebral column transmit signals from

A

sensory input

106
Q

main connection between cerebellum & brain stem is

A

pons

107
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery; sensory or autonomic ganglia

108
Q

dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

A

in skin; extend into CNS through dorsal nerve root

109
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

divided into sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systemsq

110
Q

acronym for remembering cranial nerves (12)

A

on old olympus towering tops/a finn and german viewed some hops ; olfactory nerve I, Optic nerve II, oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, abducens nerve VI, Facial nerve VII, Glossopharyngeal nerve IX, Vagus Nerve X, accessory nerve XI, hypoglossal nerve XII

111
Q

olfactory/optic nerve

A

sense of smell & vision

112
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

eye movements; upper eyelid & pupillary constriction

113
Q

trochlear nerve & abducens nerve

A

responsible eye movement by controlling extraocular muscles

114
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

cutaneous sensations of face & controlling muscles of mastication

115
Q

facial nerve

A

muscles in facial expressions; taste & production of saliva

116
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

sense of hearing & balance

117
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

controlling muscles in oral cavity & upper throat

118
Q

vagus nerve

A

contributing to homeostatic control of organs of thoracic & upper abdominal cavities

119
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A

controlling muscles of neck, along cervical spinal nerves

120
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

controlling muscles of lower throat & tongue

121
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31; 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves; 1 coccxygal nerves

122
Q

cervical plexus

A

composed of axons from spinal nerves C1 through C5 & branches into nerves in the posterior neck & head

123
Q

lumbar plexus

A

arises from lumbar spinal nerves & enervates to pelvic region & anterior leg

124
Q

femoral nerve

A

major nerve from lumbar plexus; gives rise to saphenous nerve as branch that extends through anterior lower leg

125
Q

sacral plexus

A

lower lumbar & sacral nerves; sciatic nerve comes form here

126
Q

anosmia

A

loss of sense of smell; olfactory nerve being severed

127
Q

association of spinal nerves C4 through T1 known as

A

brachial plexus

128
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, integration, response

129
Q

somatic nervous system

A

responsible for conscious perception & voluntary motor responses (contraction of skeletal muscle)

130
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for involuntary control of body (for sake of homeostasis)

131
Q

enteric nervous system

A

describes functional responses (controlling nervous system) & smooth muscle & glandular tissue in digestive system; not dependent on CNS; large part of PNS

132
Q

integration & association areas of the nervous system function to

A

combine sensory perceptions w/ higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response

133
Q

central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern is termed

A

perception

134
Q
A

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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