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RN A&P 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system includes which structures

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands

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2
Q

how does endocrine system communicate

A

chemical signaling: hormone is sent from endocrine organ into extracellular fluid than transported via bloodstream throughout body, then bind to receptors on target cells, takes longer than nervous system

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3
Q

autocrine

A

chemical that elicits response in same cell that secreted it; ex. Interleukin-1 which is important in inflammatory cells

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4
Q

paracrines

A

paracrine which is histamine, it typically doesnt affect neighboring cells but is released by immune cells in bronchial tree

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5
Q

what are the two major groups of hormones

A

amino acids: amines, peptides, proteins
lipids: steroids

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6
Q

endocrine systems includes all of the following except

A

salivary glands

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7
Q

what is meant by an autocrine chemical

A

one that causes a physiological change in the same cell that released it

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8
Q

the “stress hormone” cortisol has which of the following effects

A

increasing blood glucose levels

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9
Q

which anterior pituitary secretion stimulates gamete production

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

the main difference in methods of maintaining homeostasis between the nervous & endocrine system is that

A

nervous system responds to changes in the external environment, whereas endocrine system does so internally

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11
Q

how do endocrine glands, such as the adrenal glands, differ from exocrine glands, such as sweat glands

A

endocrine glands are ductless, whereas exocrine glands deliver their product via specialized ducts

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12
Q

hormones derived from amino acids include all of the following except

A

steroids

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13
Q

permissive effect

A

presence of one hormone enables another hormone to act; ex. thyroid hormones have complex permissive relationships w/ certain reproductive hormones

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14
Q

synergistic effect

A

2 hormones w/similar effects produce an amplified response; ex. pituitary gland & estrogen from ovaries are required for fertilization

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15
Q

antagonistic effect

A

2 hormones have opposing effect; ex. pancreatic hormones insulin & glucagon work together to regulate blood sugar

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16
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals such as nutrients or ions

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17
Q

blood osmolarity refers to

A

concentration of solutes in the blood

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18
Q

when one hormone enables another hormone to act, this is termed the

A

permissive effect

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19
Q

which type of hormone diffuses easily through the cell membrane of the target cell

A

steroid

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20
Q

where is an intracellular hormone receptor located

A

inside their target cells

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21
Q

the function of ADH, anti-diuretic hormone, is to

A

signal the kidneys to reabsorb more water

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22
Q

where role does a feedback loop play in balancing hormones

A

negative feedback ensures that the body returns to homeostasis after hormonal imbalances

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23
Q

which of the following occurs after insulin is released from the pancreas

A

liver increases its storage of glucose in glycogen form

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24
Q

downregulation refers to

A

a decrease in the number of hormone receptors due to excessive hormone levels

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25
Q

two classes of hormones released by pituitary

A

releasing hormones & inhibiting hormones

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26
Q

what relationship do the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary exhibit

A

hypothalamus regulates secretions from the anterior pituitary

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27
Q

what is meant by the “hypophyseal portal system”

A

the capillaries w/in the infundibulum that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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28
Q

what is the relationship of retinal stimulation & sleep

A

light stimulating the retinas causes a decrease in melatonin production

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29
Q

what is the function of tropic hormones

A

to stimulate or depress the action of endocrine glands

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30
Q

which part of the pituitary gland is not responsible for synthesizing hormones

A

posterior

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31
Q

the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via the

A

infundibulum

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32
Q

what significance does the pineal gland have on circadian rhythms

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles

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33
Q

growth hormone (GH) aka somatotropin

A

protein hormone produced & secreted by anterior pituitary gland; primary function is anabolic promotion of protein synthesis & tissue building through direct & indirect mechanisms

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34
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

aka thyrotropin; released from anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus

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35
Q

two glycoprotein hormones in gonadotropins

A

follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates the production & maturation of sex cells
luteinizing hormone; triggers ovulation & production of estrogens & progesterone by ovaries

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36
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

aka corticotropin, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

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37
Q

what is the relationship between alcohol consumption & ADH functionality

A

alcohol inhibits release of ADH, resulting in increased urine output

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38
Q

what is indicative of the endocrine disorder known as acromegaly

A

enlargement of hands & feets

39
Q

as blood osmolarity decreases, what is the resulting action of osmoreceptors

A

prompt decrease of ADH secretion

40
Q

what is the glucose-sparing effect of growth hormone

A

adipose cells are stimulated to break down stored fat in order to fuel growth

41
Q

luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormone in males results in release of

A

testosteronewhat

42
Q

what is another name for somatotropin

A

growth hormone

43
Q

what is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

it induces melanin production in the skin, which aids in protection from UV rays

44
Q

what is the relationship between amount of urine produced & the secretion of antidiuretic hormone

A

urine output decreases as ADH levels increase

45
Q

thyrotropin or TSH has what physiological effect

A

it triggers the thyroid to produce its hormones

46
Q

what is the relationship between alcohol consumption & ADH functionality

A

alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, resulting in increased urine output

47
Q

what is indicative of the endocrine disorder known as acromegaly

A

enlargement of hands & feet

48
Q

what hormone is responsible for the production & stimulation of the gametes

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

49
Q

timing of puberty starts w/ activity of which hormone

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

50
Q

what is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to stress

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

51
Q

thyroid gland responsible for

A

regulation of several processes, including basal metabolism, oxygen use, & AT
P production

52
Q

parathyroid gland produces

A

parathyroid hormone; regulates blood calcium levels

53
Q

thyroid produces 3 hormones

A

triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin

54
Q

how does the thyroid produce hormones

A

Hormones are produced in the colloid when atoms of the mineral iodine attach to a glycoprotein, called thyroglobulin, that is secreted into the colloid by the follicle cells

55
Q

goiter

A

accumulation of colloid increases size of thyroid gland; when thyroglobulin accumulates in thyroid gland follicles

56
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

low metabolism, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, reduced libido, menstrual irregularities, reduced mental activity

57
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

pituitary/thyroid tumor; increased metabolic rate, excessive body heat, sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, tremors, increased heart rate; ex. graves disease

58
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by thyroid gland; produced by parafollicular cells; inhibits activity of osteoclasts, increasing osteoblasts, decrease calcium absorption in intestines, increasing calcium in urine

59
Q

which gland is responsible for t-cell maturation & immune function

A

thymus

60
Q

parathyroid gland

A

tiny, round structures usually embedded in posterior surface of the thyroid gland; usually 4; parathyroid glands are chief cells & involved in regulation of blood calcium levels

61
Q

parathyroid gland produces peptide hormone PTH

A

in response to low blood calcium levels; PTH causes release of calcium from bones by stimulating osteoclasts

62
Q

calcitriol

A

PTH initiates production of this steroid; stimulates increased absorption of dietary calcium by intestines

63
Q

thymus

A

immune system organ & more active during infancy & early childhood & begins to atrophy as we age; produces thymosins

64
Q

adrenal glands

A

wedges of glandular & neuroendocrine tissue adhering to top of kidneys; highest blood flow in the body; produces aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, epinephrine, norepinephrine

65
Q

adrenal cortex

A

component of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; secretes steroid hormones important for regulation of long-term stress response, blood pressure & blood volume, nutrient uptake & storage, fluid & electrolyte balance, inflammation

66
Q

adrenal medulla

A

releases hormones in response to acute short-term stress mediated by sympathetic nervous system; composed of postganglionic SNS neurons called chromaffin cells

67
Q

zona glomerulosa hormones

A

mineralocorticoids; major is aldosterone regulates sodium & potassium in ions in urine, sweat & saliva

68
Q

zona fasciculata

A

produce hormones called glucocorticoids because of their role in glucose metabolism

69
Q

zona reticularis

A

produces small amount of steroid sex hormones called androgens

70
Q

which of the following promotes the development of cushings disease

A

elevated cortisol secretion

71
Q

what is the function of the chief cells in the parathyroid gland

A

they produce & secrete parathyroid hormone for blood calcium regulation

72
Q

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is responsible for the regulation of

A

blood pressure & fluid balance

73
Q

the sympathetic response of epineophrine & norepinephrine secretion is controlled by signals originating in the

A

hypothalamus

74
Q

which of the following is secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

75
Q

what is the mode of action of the class of drugs known as ACE inhibitors

A

they block the enzymatic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

76
Q

what body system does the thymus contribute to

A

immune

77
Q

what function doe3s aldosterone serve

A

increases blood sodium levels

78
Q

which of the following best describes the location of the parathyroid glands

A

they are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

79
Q

the pancreas secretes ____ in response to low blood sugar, and ___ in response to high blood sugar

A

insulin, glycogen

80
Q

what do alpha cells of pancreatic islets produce

A

glucagon

81
Q

type I diabetes is characterized by

A

bodys inability to produce insulin

82
Q

what is the fate of unused glucose taken into the body

A

stored by liver & muscles as glucagon or as triglycerides in adipose tissue

83
Q

which of the following do not require insulin for glucose uptake

A

erythrocytes

84
Q

what is meant by the term glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose for atp generation

85
Q

what does peptide hormone gastrin effect

A

stimulates release of hydrochloric acid in stomach

86
Q

what is function of pancreatic buffers

A

raise pH of stomach secretions before chyme moves to small intestine

87
Q

vitamin D deficiency in adults is characterized by

A

softening of bones

88
Q

when & which location is erythropoietin produced

A

kidneys when blood oxygen levels are low

89
Q

what is the function of thrombopoetin

A

stimulate production of platelets

90
Q

what is leptin & what is its functio

A

an adipose tissue protein that creates feeling of satiety after a meal

91
Q

what organs are responsible for the creation of Vitamin D

A

skin, liver, kidneys

92
Q

where in the body is erythrocytes produced

A

bone marrow

93
Q

what happens to the thymus as we age

A

shrinks in size & replaced by connective tissue

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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