cardiovascular system part 2 Flashcards
what is meant by end diastolic volume (EDV) or preload
volume of blood in the heart at the end of atrial systole just prior to atrial contraction
at the start of a cardiac cycle, what is the status of the atria & ventricles
both are is diastole
the period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as a
cardiac cycle
systole is a term describing the period of
contraction of the heart chambers
if a fourth heart sound is heard through a sphygmomanometer (S4), which of the following might it indicate
contraction of the atria pushing blood into a hypertrophic ventricle & thus left ventricular failure
when blood pressure in the ventricles decreases below the pressure in the atria, which of the following occurs
tricuspid & bicuspid valves open
gases & liquids follow the property of fluid movement, which is
down the concentration gradient
during heart auscultation, where should the stethoscope be placed on the patient’s chest
at location of each of the four heart valves
where is blood directed to after ventricular ejection
aorta & pulmonary artery
what does the QRS complex in an ECG represent
ventricular systole
regarding heart sounds as heard through a sphygmomanometer, what is indicated by S1 & S2
S1 is the closing of the AV valves, S2 is closing of the semilunar valves
in an adult, bradycardia refers to a heart rate ___ while tachycardia refers to a heart rate ___
below 60bpm, above 100bpm
how is cardiac output calculated
by multiplying stroke volume & HR
what happens to stroke volume when heart rate increases
it increases
what is typical ejection fraction range
55-70%
difference between maximum & resting cardiac output it termed
cardiac reserve
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. HR X stroke volume
what is meant by stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle
what is measured in cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by ventricles in one minute
bulk flow
mass movement of fluids in & out of capillary bed
mean arterial pressure is calculated by
dividing systolic pressure by 3 then adding diastolic pressure
hypoxia would be the most likely result of an
ischemia
systolic pressure refers to which of the following
arterial pressure due to ventricular ejection of blood
colloid is best described as
fluid w/large nondissolvable particles
korotkoff sounds are monitored to indicate
systolic & diastolic blood pressure
factors that increase cardiac output
elevating HR/stroke volume/BP/blood flow; sympathetic stimulation (epinephrine & norepinephrine), thyroid hormones, increased calcium ion levels
factors that decrease cardiac output
parasympathetic stimulation; elevate/decreased potassium; decreased calcium, anoxia, acidosis
what is the relationship between blood pressure and blood volume
as volume increases, pressure increases
put these blood vessels in order, from least to most amount of smooth muscle
capillaries, veins, arteries
what is relationship between blood vessel length and resistance
longer the vessel the higher resistance3
what does the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis) do to blood flow
increased plaque reduces blood flow
ability of chamber or vessel to expand in order to accommodate increased blood volume is termed
compliance
what is the relationship between vessel diameter & resistance
larger diameters create less resistance
how does arteriosclerosis reduce compliance of blood vessels
stiffening of artery walls does not allow for expansion as blood is received from the heart
gas exchange occurs primarily in which blood vessel
capillary beds
what is meant by a vessel “tunic”
any of the 3 tissue layers surrounding arteries & veins
arterial lumens have ___ vessel walls and ___ diameters than venous lumens
thicker & smaller
put these vessels in order in terms of blood flow leaving the heart through arteries
arteries - arterioles - capillary beds - venules - veins
what tissue types are found in the tunica intima
epithelial & connective
which of the following is the thickest layer in arteries, composed of smooth muscle & elastic fibers
tunica media
what is the function of the vasa vasorum
provide large arteries & veins w/nutrient & waste exchange
what is the state of the blood in the pulmonary artery, and why
deoxygenate because it has not yet been to the lungs
put these blood vessels in order from largest amount of smooth muscle to smallest
arteries, veins, capillaries
where is interstitial fluid found
surrounding cells of tissues
a ring of involuntary smooth muscle that controls the entrance of substances through an internal passageway is termed
sphincter
how does the structure of arterioles differ from structure of arteries
have same tunics as arteries but w reduced thickness
capacitance refers to which property of blood vessels
ability to expand to accommodate large volumes of blood