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RN A&P 1 > cardiovascular system part 2 > Flashcards

cardiovascular system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by end diastolic volume (EDV) or preload

A

volume of blood in the heart at the end of atrial systole just prior to atrial contraction

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2
Q

at the start of a cardiac cycle, what is the status of the atria & ventricles

A

both are is diastole

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3
Q

the period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as a

A

cardiac cycle

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4
Q

systole is a term describing the period of

A

contraction of the heart chambers

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5
Q

if a fourth heart sound is heard through a sphygmomanometer (S4), which of the following might it indicate

A

contraction of the atria pushing blood into a hypertrophic ventricle & thus left ventricular failure

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6
Q

when blood pressure in the ventricles decreases below the pressure in the atria, which of the following occurs

A

tricuspid & bicuspid valves open

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7
Q

gases & liquids follow the property of fluid movement, which is

A

down the concentration gradient

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8
Q

during heart auscultation, where should the stethoscope be placed on the patient’s chest

A

at location of each of the four heart valves

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9
Q

where is blood directed to after ventricular ejection

A

aorta & pulmonary artery

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10
Q

what does the QRS complex in an ECG represent

A

ventricular systole

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11
Q

regarding heart sounds as heard through a sphygmomanometer, what is indicated by S1 & S2

A

S1 is the closing of the AV valves, S2 is closing of the semilunar valves

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12
Q

in an adult, bradycardia refers to a heart rate ___ while tachycardia refers to a heart rate ___

A

below 60bpm, above 100bpm

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13
Q

how is cardiac output calculated

A

by multiplying stroke volume & HR

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14
Q

what happens to stroke volume when heart rate increases

A

it increases

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15
Q

what is typical ejection fraction range

A

55-70%

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16
Q

difference between maximum & resting cardiac output it termed

A

cardiac reserve

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17
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. HR X stroke volume

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18
Q

what is meant by stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

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19
Q

what is measured in cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricles in one minute

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20
Q

bulk flow

A

mass movement of fluids in & out of capillary bed

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21
Q

mean arterial pressure is calculated by

A

dividing systolic pressure by 3 then adding diastolic pressure

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22
Q

hypoxia would be the most likely result of an

A

ischemia

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23
Q

systolic pressure refers to which of the following

A

arterial pressure due to ventricular ejection of blood

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24
Q

colloid is best described as

A

fluid w/large nondissolvable particles

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25
Q

korotkoff sounds are monitored to indicate

A

systolic & diastolic blood pressure

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26
Q

factors that increase cardiac output

A

elevating HR/stroke volume/BP/blood flow; sympathetic stimulation (epinephrine & norepinephrine), thyroid hormones, increased calcium ion levels

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27
Q

factors that decrease cardiac output

A

parasympathetic stimulation; elevate/decreased potassium; decreased calcium, anoxia, acidosis

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28
Q

what is the relationship between blood pressure and blood volume

A

as volume increases, pressure increases

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29
Q

put these blood vessels in order, from least to most amount of smooth muscle

A

capillaries, veins, arteries

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30
Q

what is relationship between blood vessel length and resistance

A

longer the vessel the higher resistance3

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31
Q

what does the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis) do to blood flow

A

increased plaque reduces blood flow

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32
Q

ability of chamber or vessel to expand in order to accommodate increased blood volume is termed

A

compliance

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33
Q

what is the relationship between vessel diameter & resistance

A

larger diameters create less resistance

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34
Q

how does arteriosclerosis reduce compliance of blood vessels

A

stiffening of artery walls does not allow for expansion as blood is received from the heart

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35
Q

gas exchange occurs primarily in which blood vessel

A

capillary beds

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36
Q

what is meant by a vessel “tunic”

A

any of the 3 tissue layers surrounding arteries & veins

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37
Q

arterial lumens have ___ vessel walls and ___ diameters than venous lumens

A

thicker & smaller

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38
Q

put these vessels in order in terms of blood flow leaving the heart through arteries

A

arteries - arterioles - capillary beds - venules - veins

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39
Q

what tissue types are found in the tunica intima

A

epithelial & connective

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40
Q

which of the following is the thickest layer in arteries, composed of smooth muscle & elastic fibers

A

tunica media

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41
Q

what is the function of the vasa vasorum

A

provide large arteries & veins w/nutrient & waste exchange

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42
Q

what is the state of the blood in the pulmonary artery, and why

A

deoxygenate because it has not yet been to the lungs

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43
Q

put these blood vessels in order from largest amount of smooth muscle to smallest

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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44
Q

where is interstitial fluid found

A

surrounding cells of tissues

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45
Q

a ring of involuntary smooth muscle that controls the entrance of substances through an internal passageway is termed

A

sphincter

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46
Q

how does the structure of arterioles differ from structure of arteries

A

have same tunics as arteries but w reduced thickness

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47
Q

capacitance refers to which property of blood vessels

A

ability to expand to accommodate large volumes of blood

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48
Q

what is the function of intravascular valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood in arteries & veins

49
Q

concerning oxygenation of blood in vessels, which of the following is true

A

oxygen concentration is greatest in systemic arteries & lowest in systemic veins

50
Q

dilated veins due to valve defects result in a condition known as ___ veins

A

varicose

51
Q

what is required in order for blood to return to the heart after it has reached its target tissues in the lower limbs of the systemic circuit

A

skeletal muscle concentration to force the blood back through the veins

52
Q

why are there no valves present in arteries

A

blood pressure & velocity is high & resists backflow due to pumping action of the tunica media

53
Q

baroreceptors are specialized to monitor & respond to

A

blood pressured

54
Q

how does the body respond to increased blood osmolarity

A

hypothalamus increases the release of ADH

55
Q

where is excess heat distributed when the body is active

A

integumentary system

56
Q

when the body is active, as CO2 levels increase in the blood, the pH of the blood ___, becoming more ___

A

decreases, acidic

57
Q

where are the cardiovascular centers located in the brain

A

medulla oblongata

58
Q

when is renin released

A

low blood flow; activates angiotensin II vasoconstrictor & stimulates release of ADH & aldosterone (reabsorption of Na & H2O in blood)

59
Q

chemoreceptors respond to increased CO2 & hydrogen ion levels in the blood by

A

increasing cardiac output & peripheral vasodilation

60
Q

what is the benefit to increased heart mass due to long-term exercise

A

cardiac output increases

61
Q

which of the following is an appropriate recommendation for reducing the incidence of heart attack

A

30 minutes of noncontinuous exercise daily

62
Q

which of the following shows a correct maximum blood pressure for a nonathlete adult

A

200/90

63
Q

the average weight of a heart of a nonathlete adult

A

300g

64
Q

which type of circulatory shock is characterized by ventricular failure, often the result of a heart attack

A

cardiogenic shock

65
Q

which of the following shows a correct maximum cardiac output for a nonathlete adult

A

20L/min

66
Q

blood is supplied to the tissues of the heart itself via the

A

coronary arteries

67
Q

aortic arch splits on the left side into the subclavian & common carotid, and on the right side into the ___ & common carotid

A

brachiocephalic

68
Q

the brain is allocated approximately ___ of total blood flow at all times

A

20%

69
Q

inferiorly, the aorta bifurcates into the

A

common iliac arteries

70
Q

blood is supplied to the tissues of the heart itself via the ___

A

coronary arteries

71
Q

what supplies blood to the pericardium

A

mammary artery

72
Q

what organ does the ophthalamic artery supply blood to

A

eyes

73
Q

the aortic arch becomes the descending aorta at which location

A

4th & 5th thoracic vertebrae

74
Q

the ___ is a large vein located on the posterior surface of the heart that empties directly into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

75
Q

the leading cause of death, worldwide is

A

coronary artery disease

76
Q

a ____ is a connection between vessels that would normally branch away from one another

A

anastomosis

77
Q

angioplasty is a procedure where a vascular blockage is ___ to increase blood through the vessel

A

physically compressed by a specialized catheter

78
Q

what is the status of the blood carries by the pulmonary veins

A

oxygenated

79
Q

restriction of blood flow to the heart the results in the death of cardiomyocytes is termed

A

myocardial infarction

80
Q

which of the following is the most likely cause of systemic & pulmonary edema

A

CHF

81
Q

leading cause of death, worldwide is

A

coronary artery disease

82
Q

digestive organs in the fetus are shunted of blood via the

A

ductus venosus

83
Q

ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the

A

ductus venosus

84
Q

embryonic mesoderm gives rise to

A

tissues & visceral organs

85
Q

both the pericardium & esophagus receive blood from arteries that branch directly from the

A

aorta

86
Q

axillary artery is a branch off the ___ artery

A

subclavian

87
Q

stomach & esophagus are supplied w blood from the ___ artery

A

gastric

88
Q

what blood vessels drain deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

A

renal veins

89
Q

male & female sexual reproduction is dependent on the maintenance of oxygenated blood to the ovaries & testes via the

A

gonadal artery

90
Q

the common iliac arteries supply the ___ w oxygenated blood

A

pelvis

91
Q

another name for the antebrachium is

A

forearm

92
Q

phrenic arteries supply blood to the

A

diaphragm

93
Q

to where do the intercostal arteries supply blood

A

muscles of the thoracic supply blood

94
Q

knee is supplied w oxygenated blood via the

A

genicular artery

95
Q

the aorta crosses inferiorly through the diaphragm at the aortic

A

fossa

96
Q

left axillary & left cephalic veins drain directly into the ___ before entering the brachiocephalic vein

A

subclavian

97
Q

brachial vein is formed from the juncture of the ___ and __ veins

A

radial, ulnar

98
Q

which veins drain the muscles of the thoracic wall, and leads into the azygos vein

A

intercostal

99
Q

superior & inferior vena cava return blood to the heart at the

A

right atrium

100
Q

deoxygenated blood is drained from the brain via the ___

A

internal jugular veins

101
Q

where does subscapular vein drain deoxygenated blood from

A

shoulder blades

102
Q

excess body heat is regulated partially by the __ where heat is dissipated externally

A

superficial veins

103
Q

brachial vein is formed from the juncture of the ___ and __ veins

A

radial & ulnar

104
Q

where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from

A

cerebral veins & eye socket

105
Q

the head & neck regions are drained of deoxygenated blood via the

A

jugular veins

106
Q

nutrients & splenic wastes travel to the liver for processing via the __

A

hepatic portal system

107
Q

deep portions of the thigh are drained of deoxygenated blood by the ___ vein

A

deep femoral

108
Q

which of the following is not a major vein of the abdominal region

A

popliteal vein

109
Q

most of the blood inferior to the diaphragm drains to the ___ before it is returned to heart

A

inferior vena cava

110
Q

mesentery surrounding the heart is the

A

pericardium

111
Q

fetal atrioventricular valves from between the ___ week, and the semilunar valves form between the ___ weak

A

fifth & eighth… fifth and ninth

112
Q

ductus arteriosus connects the fetal ___ to the aorta instead of to the fetal

A

pulmonary trunk, lungs

113
Q

the mesentery surrounding the heart is the

A

pericardium

114
Q

embryonic mesoderm gives rise to

A

tissues & visceral organs

115
Q

the fetal atrioventricular valves form between the ___ week, and the semilunar valves form between the ___ week

A

fifth & eighth… fifth & ninth

116
Q

fetal lungs are filled with

A

amniotic fluid

117
Q

ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the

A

ductus venosus

118
Q

what would happen if the foramen ovale did not close upon birth

A

babys heart would function as a two-chamber heart instead of w four chambers

119
Q
A

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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