cardiovascular system part 2 Flashcards
what is meant by end diastolic volume (EDV) or preload
volume of blood in the heart at the end of atrial systole just prior to atrial contraction
at the start of a cardiac cycle, what is the status of the atria & ventricles
both are is diastole
the period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as a
cardiac cycle
systole is a term describing the period of
contraction of the heart chambers
if a fourth heart sound is heard through a sphygmomanometer (S4), which of the following might it indicate
contraction of the atria pushing blood into a hypertrophic ventricle & thus left ventricular failure
when blood pressure in the ventricles decreases below the pressure in the atria, which of the following occurs
tricuspid & bicuspid valves open
gases & liquids follow the property of fluid movement, which is
down the concentration gradient
during heart auscultation, where should the stethoscope be placed on the patient’s chest
at location of each of the four heart valves
where is blood directed to after ventricular ejection
aorta & pulmonary artery
what does the QRS complex in an ECG represent
ventricular systole
regarding heart sounds as heard through a sphygmomanometer, what is indicated by S1 & S2
S1 is the closing of the AV valves, S2 is closing of the semilunar valves
in an adult, bradycardia refers to a heart rate ___ while tachycardia refers to a heart rate ___
below 60bpm, above 100bpm
how is cardiac output calculated
by multiplying stroke volume & HR
what happens to stroke volume when heart rate increases
it increases
what is typical ejection fraction range
55-70%
difference between maximum & resting cardiac output it termed
cardiac reserve
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. HR X stroke volume
what is meant by stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle
what is measured in cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by ventricles in one minute
bulk flow
mass movement of fluids in & out of capillary bed
mean arterial pressure is calculated by
dividing systolic pressure by 3 then adding diastolic pressure
hypoxia would be the most likely result of an
ischemia
systolic pressure refers to which of the following
arterial pressure due to ventricular ejection of blood
colloid is best described as
fluid w/large nondissolvable particles
korotkoff sounds are monitored to indicate
systolic & diastolic blood pressure
factors that increase cardiac output
elevating HR/stroke volume/BP/blood flow; sympathetic stimulation (epinephrine & norepinephrine), thyroid hormones, increased calcium ion levels
factors that decrease cardiac output
parasympathetic stimulation; elevate/decreased potassium; decreased calcium, anoxia, acidosis
what is the relationship between blood pressure and blood volume
as volume increases, pressure increases
put these blood vessels in order, from least to most amount of smooth muscle
capillaries, veins, arteries
what is relationship between blood vessel length and resistance
longer the vessel the higher resistance3
what does the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis) do to blood flow
increased plaque reduces blood flow
ability of chamber or vessel to expand in order to accommodate increased blood volume is termed
compliance
what is the relationship between vessel diameter & resistance
larger diameters create less resistance
how does arteriosclerosis reduce compliance of blood vessels
stiffening of artery walls does not allow for expansion as blood is received from the heart
gas exchange occurs primarily in which blood vessel
capillary beds
what is meant by a vessel “tunic”
any of the 3 tissue layers surrounding arteries & veins
arterial lumens have ___ vessel walls and ___ diameters than venous lumens
thicker & smaller
put these vessels in order in terms of blood flow leaving the heart through arteries
arteries - arterioles - capillary beds - venules - veins
what tissue types are found in the tunica intima
epithelial & connective
which of the following is the thickest layer in arteries, composed of smooth muscle & elastic fibers
tunica media
what is the function of the vasa vasorum
provide large arteries & veins w/nutrient & waste exchange
what is the state of the blood in the pulmonary artery, and why
deoxygenate because it has not yet been to the lungs
put these blood vessels in order from largest amount of smooth muscle to smallest
arteries, veins, capillaries
where is interstitial fluid found
surrounding cells of tissues
a ring of involuntary smooth muscle that controls the entrance of substances through an internal passageway is termed
sphincter
how does the structure of arterioles differ from structure of arteries
have same tunics as arteries but w reduced thickness
capacitance refers to which property of blood vessels
ability to expand to accommodate large volumes of blood
what is the function of intravascular valves
prevent the backflow of blood in arteries & veins
concerning oxygenation of blood in vessels, which of the following is true
oxygen concentration is greatest in systemic arteries & lowest in systemic veins
dilated veins due to valve defects result in a condition known as ___ veins
varicose
what is required in order for blood to return to the heart after it has reached its target tissues in the lower limbs of the systemic circuit
skeletal muscle concentration to force the blood back through the veins
why are there no valves present in arteries
blood pressure & velocity is high & resists backflow due to pumping action of the tunica media
baroreceptors are specialized to monitor & respond to
blood pressured
how does the body respond to increased blood osmolarity
hypothalamus increases the release of ADH
where is excess heat distributed when the body is active
integumentary system
when the body is active, as CO2 levels increase in the blood, the pH of the blood ___, becoming more ___
decreases, acidic
where are the cardiovascular centers located in the brain
medulla oblongata
when is renin released
low blood flow; activates angiotensin II vasoconstrictor & stimulates release of ADH & aldosterone (reabsorption of Na & H2O in blood)
chemoreceptors respond to increased CO2 & hydrogen ion levels in the blood by
increasing cardiac output & peripheral vasodilation
what is the benefit to increased heart mass due to long-term exercise
cardiac output increases
which of the following is an appropriate recommendation for reducing the incidence of heart attack
30 minutes of noncontinuous exercise daily
which of the following shows a correct maximum blood pressure for a nonathlete adult
200/90
the average weight of a heart of a nonathlete adult
300g
which type of circulatory shock is characterized by ventricular failure, often the result of a heart attack
cardiogenic shock
which of the following shows a correct maximum cardiac output for a nonathlete adult
20L/min
blood is supplied to the tissues of the heart itself via the
coronary arteries
aortic arch splits on the left side into the subclavian & common carotid, and on the right side into the ___ & common carotid
brachiocephalic
the brain is allocated approximately ___ of total blood flow at all times
20%
inferiorly, the aorta bifurcates into the
common iliac arteries
blood is supplied to the tissues of the heart itself via the ___
coronary arteries
what supplies blood to the pericardium
mammary artery
what organ does the ophthalamic artery supply blood to
eyes
the aortic arch becomes the descending aorta at which location
4th & 5th thoracic vertebrae
the ___ is a large vein located on the posterior surface of the heart that empties directly into the right atrium
coronary sinus
the leading cause of death, worldwide is
coronary artery disease
a ____ is a connection between vessels that would normally branch away from one another
anastomosis
angioplasty is a procedure where a vascular blockage is ___ to increase blood through the vessel
physically compressed by a specialized catheter
what is the status of the blood carries by the pulmonary veins
oxygenated
restriction of blood flow to the heart the results in the death of cardiomyocytes is termed
myocardial infarction
which of the following is the most likely cause of systemic & pulmonary edema
CHF
leading cause of death, worldwide is
coronary artery disease
digestive organs in the fetus are shunted of blood via the
ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the
ductus venosus
embryonic mesoderm gives rise to
tissues & visceral organs
both the pericardium & esophagus receive blood from arteries that branch directly from the
aorta
axillary artery is a branch off the ___ artery
subclavian
stomach & esophagus are supplied w blood from the ___ artery
gastric
what blood vessels drain deoxygenated blood from the kidneys
renal veins
male & female sexual reproduction is dependent on the maintenance of oxygenated blood to the ovaries & testes via the
gonadal artery
the common iliac arteries supply the ___ w oxygenated blood
pelvis
another name for the antebrachium is
forearm
phrenic arteries supply blood to the
diaphragm
to where do the intercostal arteries supply blood
muscles of the thoracic supply blood
knee is supplied w oxygenated blood via the
genicular artery
the aorta crosses inferiorly through the diaphragm at the aortic
fossa
left axillary & left cephalic veins drain directly into the ___ before entering the brachiocephalic vein
subclavian
brachial vein is formed from the juncture of the ___ and __ veins
radial, ulnar
which veins drain the muscles of the thoracic wall, and leads into the azygos vein
intercostal
superior & inferior vena cava return blood to the heart at the
right atrium
deoxygenated blood is drained from the brain via the ___
internal jugular veins
where does subscapular vein drain deoxygenated blood from
shoulder blades
excess body heat is regulated partially by the __ where heat is dissipated externally
superficial veins
brachial vein is formed from the juncture of the ___ and __ veins
radial & ulnar
where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from
cerebral veins & eye socket
the head & neck regions are drained of deoxygenated blood via the
jugular veins
nutrients & splenic wastes travel to the liver for processing via the __
hepatic portal system
deep portions of the thigh are drained of deoxygenated blood by the ___ vein
deep femoral
which of the following is not a major vein of the abdominal region
popliteal vein
most of the blood inferior to the diaphragm drains to the ___ before it is returned to heart
inferior vena cava
mesentery surrounding the heart is the
pericardium
fetal atrioventricular valves from between the ___ week, and the semilunar valves form between the ___ weak
fifth & eighth… fifth and ninth
ductus arteriosus connects the fetal ___ to the aorta instead of to the fetal
pulmonary trunk, lungs
the mesentery surrounding the heart is the
pericardium
embryonic mesoderm gives rise to
tissues & visceral organs
the fetal atrioventricular valves form between the ___ week, and the semilunar valves form between the ___ week
fifth & eighth… fifth & ninth
fetal lungs are filled with
amniotic fluid
ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the
ductus venosus
what would happen if the foramen ovale did not close upon birth
babys heart would function as a two-chamber heart instead of w four chambers
