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RN A&P 1 > Nervous System Part 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

afferent nerves

A

sensory nerves that carry signals to brain

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2
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor nerves that carry signals away from brain to muscles

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3
Q

somatic reflexes

A

spinal or cranial, ex. withdrawal of arm in response to heat & pain sensations; based on skeletal muscle contraction

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4
Q

deep tendon reflex

A

aka as stretch reflex, knee jerk reflex

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5
Q

superficial reflex

A

gentle stim to skin & causes contraction

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6
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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7
Q

enteric nervous system

A

controlling smooth muscle & glandular tissue in the digestive system

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates organ systems through circuits that resemble reflexes described in somatic nervous system; targets cardiac & smooth muscle/glandular tissue

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9
Q

the CNS contains all except

A

spinal nerves

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10
Q

sensory nervous system transmits info from

A

peripheral sensors to CNS

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11
Q

receptors that register the sense of pain are termed

A

nociceptors

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12
Q

nerves that carry info pertaining to voluntary muscle action in response to sensory signals are termed

A

efferent

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13
Q

nerves that carry info about sensory signals to the CNS are termed

A

afferent

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14
Q

knee-jerk reflex is a particular example

A

deep tendon reflex

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15
Q

which nervous system controls interpretation of sensory signals & voluntary skeletal muscle reactions

A

somatic

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16
Q

when a motor neuron is inhibited, which of the following occurs

A

the muscle it innervates is relaxed

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17
Q

which receptor interprets chemical stimuli such as smell and taste

A

chemoreceptor

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18
Q

osmoreceptors respond to what

A

solute concentrations of body fluids

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19
Q

mechanoreceptor interprets which type of stimuli

A

physical (pressure & vibration)

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20
Q

general sense

A

distributed throughout body & has receptor cells w/in structures of organs; ex. mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

special sense

A

has specific organ devoted to it ex eye, inner ear, tongue, nose

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22
Q

sensory modality

A

sense & refers to way that info is encoded, how each is transduced

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23
Q

submodalities

A

specific category of major five senses

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24
Q

somatosensation

A

general sense of touch & can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temp, hair movement

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25
Q

processing of sensory info into cognitive pattern by CNS

A

perception

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26
Q

mechanoreceptors are stimulated by all of the following stimuli except

A

temp

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27
Q

receptor that is physically positioned close to a stimulus in the environment is

A

exteroceptor

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28
Q

receptors that respond to changes in fluid concentrations in the body are termed

A

osmoreceptors

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29
Q

when an internal or external stimulus activates sensory receptors, a ___ is generated

A

sensation

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30
Q

transmembrane protein receptors of target cells are activated by

A

ligands

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31
Q

gustation

A

special sense associated w/tongue

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32
Q

unami refers to the “savory” taste activated by L-glutamate when foods rich in ___ are ingested

A

proteins

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33
Q

alkaloids are antimicrobial molecules found in plant-based foods (like wine & coffee) that are rich in

A

nitrogen

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34
Q

the perception of hydrogen ions in the papillae generates the taste of ___ in the oral cavity

A

sour

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35
Q

steps for how ears hear: 1

A
  1. sound wave enters ear
  2. sound wave causes tympanic membrane to vibrate
  3. this vibration is amplified as it moves across the malleus, incus, and stapes
  4. amplified vibration is picked up by the oval window
  5. pressure bends the membrane in the cochlear duct causing hair cells to vibrate
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36
Q

utricle & saccule of the vestibule are sensitive to changes in

A

head position

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37
Q

otoliths move….

A

in the direction of gravity

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38
Q

vestibule is primarily responsible for the sense of

A

proprioception

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39
Q

what is the function of the auricle or external pinna

A

to funnel sound waves into the auditory canal

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40
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tubes

A

to equalize air pressure across the tympanic membrane

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41
Q

wave-like motion of sound is transmitted into neural signals by the

A

organs of corti

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42
Q

photoreception occurs at the

A

retina

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43
Q

photoisomerization refers to

A

shape changes of transmembrane proteins of photosensitive opsin pigments

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44
Q

physical location where the optic nerve connects at the retina is termed the ____ of the eye

A

blind spot

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45
Q

the six extraocular muscles function to

A

move eyeballs in order to focus on an object

46
Q

Cranial attachment points of the soft tissue of the eyeballs is the

A

orbit

47
Q

snellen test demonstrates differences in

A

visual acuity

48
Q

what is unique about vision at fovea

A

has the greatest sharpness of detail

49
Q

merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors that sense low-frequency vibrations aka type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

50
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A

transduces stretching of the skin

51
Q

two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings

A

pain & temp

52
Q

topographical arrangement

A

location of the sensory receptor relates to the location of the axon in the nerve

53
Q

spinal nerves entering the dorsal root contain stimulation from

A

sensory neurons

54
Q

sensations below the neck and thus conducted by spinal nerves are contralateral, meaning that

A

left side of brain is connected to right side of body & vice versa

55
Q

when are nociceptors activated

A

when mechanical, chemical, thermal stimuli pass a set threshold

56
Q

lamellated corpuscles in the hypodermis/subcutaneous respond to stimuli of

A

deep pressure

57
Q

muscle spindles are receptors that function to

A

prevent over-contraction of a muscle & thus tearing

58
Q

trigeminal cranial nerves conduct ___ to the brain for interpretation

A

somatosensation of the face

59
Q

merkel cells in the epidermis function to

A

relay stimuli of mechanoreception

60
Q
A
61
Q

where is the left visual field processed in the brain

A

right visual cortex

62
Q

where does visual processing occur in the brain

A

temporal & parietal lobes

63
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

64
Q

sensory topography & mapping refers to

A

identifying the locations of sensory receptors by the somatosensory cortex

65
Q

the reason we perceive vision in 3D space is due to

A

monocular & binocular depth cues

66
Q

the term homunculus refers to

A

physical areas of the cerebellum & their corresponding motor neurons

67
Q

spinothalamic tract pathway is most associated w/

A

thermoreception & nociception

68
Q

when neurons decussate, this refers to

A

neurons crossing one another, as seen when they cross the midline of the medulla before reaching the spinal cord

69
Q

sound localization refers to

A

differences in the interaural time & intensity of sound reaching the ears

70
Q

fasciculus gracilis contains axons located in the

A

lower legs & lower body

71
Q

what is the optic chaism

A

area where optic nerves from each eye cross before entering the brain

72
Q

gustation pathway travels along the ___ and ___ cranial nerves to the brain for interpretation

A

glossopharyngeal & facial

73
Q

auditory stimuli are processed in the brain by the

A

temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex

74
Q

when neurons decussate, this refers to

A

neurons crossing one another, as seen when they cross the midline of the medulla before reaching the spinal cord

75
Q

dorsal root ganglion are most associated w

A

mechanoreception & proprioreception

76
Q

axons of the corticospinal tract are contralateral, meaning that

A

right motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the body, and vice versa

77
Q

in which area of the cerebrum are motor functions primarily controlled

A

frontal lobe

78
Q

expressive aphasia limits the ability to

A

produce speech

79
Q

primary motor cortex allots most of its physical space for muscles that

A

perform fine motor movements

80
Q

motor neurons send their signals from the cortex to the spinal cord ia

A

descending tracts

81
Q

what is the prefrontal lobe associated w/ control of

A

attention & distraction inhibition

82
Q

what determines the number of muscle fibers that comprise a motor unit

A

amount of precision of control required by the muscle

83
Q

how does the cerebellum contribute to motor control by the frontal cortex

A

it compares cerebral motor commands w/ proprioceptive feedback

84
Q

what is meant by a “coeloem”

A

fully-lined body cavity

85
Q

sensory stimuli relay their impulses to the CNS via

A

ascending pathways

86
Q

what is the thoracolumbar system responsible for

A

influencing effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system

87
Q

signaling molecules that create physiological changes in the adrenal glands reach their effector organ via

A

bloodsteam

88
Q

somatic nervous system controls ___, whereas the autonomic nervous system controls ___

A

voluntary skeletal muscle contraction, involuntary cardiac & smooth muscle contraction

89
Q

the ___ nervous system prepares the body for “fight-or-flight” immediate activity, while the ___ nervous system restores homeostasis of the body w/ “rest-and-digest” method

A

sympathetic… parasympathetic

90
Q

what is the thoracolumbar system responsible for

A

influencing effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

where are the central neurons of the parasympathetic system located

A

on either side of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

92
Q

another name for “adrenaline” is

A

epinephrine

93
Q

an autonomic system synapse where norepinephrine is released is termed

A

adrenergic

94
Q

the axons in the parasympathetic system are in close proximity to their target effectors. this allows for which of the following?

A

short postganglionic fibers

95
Q

what does it mean that the autonomic system has “dual innervation”

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions have competing inputs

96
Q

in regards to the pupillary reflex, dilation is the result of the neurotransmitter ___, whereas constriction is the result of the neurotransmitter ___

A

norepinephrine … acetylcholine

97
Q

blood pressure is affected by the vessel’s response to

A

norepinephrine

98
Q

what type of receptor does norepinephrine bind to

A

adrenergic

99
Q

autonomic tone is the resting state of organs

A

where sympathetic & parasympathetic input is specifically balanced

100
Q

which of the following relays the emotional states of fear & anxiety to the hypothalamus

A

amygdala

101
Q

autonomic & endocrine functions are under the control of the

A

hypothalamus

102
Q

limbic system is primarily concerned with

A

emotions

103
Q

where does the optic nerve project to in the brain before reaching the cerebral cortex for interpretation

A

thalamus & hypothalamus

104
Q

autonomic & endocrine functions are under the control of the

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

which of the following increases blood pressure & breathing rate in response to exercise

A

autonomic nervous system

106
Q

the main pathways for the hypothalamus are the ____ and ___

A

medial forebrain bundle & dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

107
Q

smooth & cardiac muscle of the cardiovascular center are under the direction of

A

medulla

108
Q

which muscle type is capable of generating its own action potentials

A

cardiac

109
Q

which of the following describes the role of nicotine when taken into the body

A

acts as an acetylcholine analog and binds to ACh recptors

110
Q

mydriasis refers to

A

dilation of the pupil

111
Q

what type of drug enhances adrenergic function

A

sympathomimetic

112
Q

which of the following is a component of decongestant drugs because of its ability to dilate the bronchioles & help to clear mucus out of the lower respiratory tract

A

phenylephrine

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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