cardiovascular system Flashcards
plasmas main liquid component
water
how is the pH of blood describe
slightly basic/alkaline
what is measured in a hematocrit test
percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample
how does blood aid in the maintenance of body temp
promotes heat loss when closer to the external skin, and heat conservation when closer to the core
what is the function of gamma globulins
comprise part of the immune system & fight infections
what is the function of the plasma protein albumin
binds to & transport fatty acids & steroid hormones
what determines exact hue of hemoglobin
degree of oxygen saturation
erythrocytes are ____ whereas leukocytes are ___
RBC; WBC
nutrients from digestion are processed by the ___ before being released back into bloodstream & transported to somatic cells
liver
the fluid extracellular matrix of blood is called
plasma
what is the relationship between blood & carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide is a cellular waste product that is delivered to the lungs
albumins, globulins, fibrinogens are this type of molecule
proteins
which of the following disorders would be most likely to be treated with erythropoietin
anemia
which organ is responsible for secreting erythropoietin
kidneys
what happens during the process known as blood doping
supplemental RBCs are injected into an individual
where can extramedullary hemopoiesis occur
in liver & spleen
how are majority of bone marrow donations sampled
blood draw
all formed elements of blood originate from
hemocytoblasts
in terms of immune cells, B cells mature in the ___, whereas T cells mature in the ___
bone marrow, thymus
what is created by the lymphoid stem cells
immune cells such as B, T, and NK cells
which of the following disorders is a result of excessive amounts of bilirubin
jaundice
as a whole, erythrocytes comprise approximately what percentage of all body cells
25%
what happens to erythrocytes at the end of their life cycles
their contents are recycled by macrophages to be reused
how do erythrocytes move through smaller diameter capillaries
their biconcave shape allows them to fold up to pass through
what happens to erythrocytes at the end of their life cycles
their contents are recycled by macrophages to be reused
approximately what percentage of total blood volume is filtered by the kidneys per day
20%
the healthcare practitioner is caring for a patient who had controlled hypothermia during open heart surgery. The nurse understands the client received a medication to prevent shivering for which reasion
to reduce energy consumption
which of the following is the most damaging potential symptom of sickle cell disease
abnormally shaped erythrocytes can block blood flow through capillaries to body tissues
percent saturation refers to
amount of hemoglobin sites carrying oxygen in the blood
which element is bound to the pigment in hemoglobin
iron
what is the relationship between hemoglobin & CO2
some CO2 binds to amino acids of hemoglobin & is then exchanged in capillaries
hypoxia would be present in patients w pulse oximeter reading of
below 95%
due to elevation, people residing at sea level will show hematocrit levels ___ those residing at high elevations
lower than
how does a pulse oximeter measure percent saturation
by calculating how much light is absorbed by hemoglobin
which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of severe dehydratioin
polycythemia & elevated hematocrit
anemia caused by poor absorption of vitamin B12, as seen in patients w/colitis & crohns disease is termed
pernicious anemia
what is a platelet plug
temporary seal of a perforation in a blood vessel
where are platelets found in the circulatory sytem
in the plasma of the blood
what is the role of fibrinogen in clotting
fibrinogen is converted into fibrin in order to form a mesh-like lattice that traps thrombocytes & erythrocytes to form a clot
extrinsic coagulation pathway is triggered by
external trauma resulting in tissue damage
platelets are responsible for hemostasis, which is
clotting in order to reduce blood loss after an injury
what is the function of heparin
anticoagulant released by basophils
which of the following vitamins is necessary in order for the liver to produce clotting factors
vitamin K
why if fibrinolysis necessary
as vessels heal, the formed clot must be removed to seal the wound
what is serum
blood plasma without its clotting factors
what does it mean to say that hemophilia is an “x-linked disorder”
the genes for the disease are carries on the female x chromosome
why is the enzyme thrombin usually found in an inactive form
because once active, it forms clots & would do so continuously if not inactive
an occlusive thrombus occurs when
small blood vessel is totally blocked & restricts blood flow
thrombocytopenia is a disorder where
an insufficient production of platelets impairs the clotting process
how many main blood type categories are identified by ABO blood typing
4
why is the second pregnancy of an Rh- mother to an Rh+ embryo dangerous
first exposure sensitizes the mothers immune system & the second pregnancy is treated as an antigen in the uterus & attacked
which general blood type is considered a universal recipient of erythrocytes
AB
what is meant by the term “Rh negative blood”
blood does not have the Rh D antigen present on their erythrocytes
which blood type is considered a universal recipient of erythrocytes
AB
which blood type is considered a universal donor of erythrocytes
O
which antigen is/are responsible for determining blood type in ABO typing
antigen A & antigen B
what happens when someone receives a blood transfusion of a non-compatible blood type
donor blood agglutinates when antibodies attach to its receptors
what determines a person’s blood type
presence (or absence) of a specific marker molecule on the erythrocyte membranes
what substance lies between the epicardium & pericardium
serous fluid
by definition, arteries carry blood ___ the heart, whereas veins carry blood ___ the heart
away from, towards
which of the following is the thickest layer of the heart, in terms of cardiac muscle
myocardium
where is the mediastinum located
medially between lungs
which major blood vessels intersect w/ base of the heart
vena cavae, aorta, pulmonary trunk
in general, arteries carry ___ blood & veins carry ___ blood
oxygenated, deoxygenated
what is the main difference between the pulmonary & systemic circuits
pulmonary circuit involves blood moving to & from the lungs, whereas systemic circuit involves blood moving to & from the body
which of the following shows correct pathway of circulating blood through the vessels
heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins
what is the function of valves in the blood vessels
prevent backflow of blood
which vessel drains deoxygenated blood from the walls of the heart
coronary sinus
what is the thickest chamber of the heart & why
left ventricle, because it has to pump blood throughout the entire superior & inferior systemic circuit
what is the function of valves in the blood vessels
prevent backflow of blood
where are intercalated discs found
between adjacent cardiomyocytes
which of the following cell organelles are most numerous in a cardiomyocyte
mitochondria
what exists between the ventricles & blood vessels that leave them
semilunar valves
which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood returning from systemic circulation
right atrium
in terms of atrioventricular valves, the ___ valve is on the right side of the heart, whereas the ___ is on the left side of the heart
tricuspid, bicuspid
what blood vessel drains blood from the head & neck area
superior vena cava
what is the most likely treatment for an extreme case of patent foramen ovale
surgery to seal the opening
the defect tetralogy of fallot allows blood to flow abnormally ___, thus causing oxygen deficiency
between the ventricles
when the bicuspid valve is open, what is the status of the aortic semilunar valve, and why
it remains closed so blood from the aorta doesnt backflow into the left ventricle
during routine auscultation, what instrument is typically utilized by the healthcare provider
stethoscope
what is meant by a septum
wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers
what is the foramen ovale in a fetus
shunt between left & right atria
where is the fossa ovalis located
between left & right atria
the ductus arteriosus is a fetal shunt that connects the ___ to the ___ in order to reroute blood
aorta, pulmonary trunk
which of the following shows a correct pathway of depolarization of the heart
SA node-atria-AV node-purkinje fibers-ventricles
what is meant by a “refractory period”
length of time between action potentials when the cell is in a resting state
what is another name for the atrioventricular bundle
bundle of His
why is it necessary to have nodes in the heart for depolarizations to continue through
without them, depolarization would slow down as it went through the heart & bradycardia would occur
which of the following is critical for the functioning of cardiac conductive & contractive cells
calcium
what accounts for the hearts refractory period
movement of calcium ions through slow channels
in an adult heart, what sets the cardiac rhythm
sinoatrial node
where does depolarization of the heart begin
in right atrium
what is represented by the T wave
repolarization of the ventricles
where would an anomaly such as a delay in conduction of impulses from the SA node to the AV node appear on an EKG
in the PR interval
how is an EKG used to detect abnormal heart function
a normal P wave, QRS pattern, and T wave are used as comparison; deviations indicate abnormalities
what does the QRS complex represent
depolarization of the ventricles
which significant event begins shortly after the start of the P wave
atria begin to contact
what is a fibrillation
an uncoordinated beating of the heart
where would an anomaly such as a delay in conduction of impulses from the SA node to the AV node appear on an EKG
in PR interval
what is meant by a heart block
an interruption in the normal conduction pathway
how does parasympathetic stimulation affect the heart
stimulation of the vagus nerve causes the release of acetylcholine to slow heart rate
what is referred to by the term “cardiac reflexes”
precise control of heart function by the cardiovascular centers
what signs and symptoms accompany “broken heart syndrome”
congestive heart failure due to a weakened myocardium
what is the baroreceptor reflex
increased firing of baroreceptors in the vessels that triggers an increase in parasympathetic stimulation
nervous center control of the heart is regulated in the brain by the
medulla
during exercise, sympathetic stimulation of the heart occurs in order to
increase heart rate & blood flow
how does sympathetic nervous stimulation affect the heart
causes the release of norepinephrine, which increases rate of depolarization
alkalosis refers to a blood pH ___, whereas acidosis refers to a blood pH ___
above 7.45, below 7.35
how does the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood affect its pH
a high H+ concentration lowers blood pH
what is meant by the term “afterload”
ventricular force required to pump blood against the resistance in the vessels
what happens to an enzyme when pH levels become extremely basic or acidic
they denature & revert back to their primary structure
what effect on the body does increased levels of thyroxin secretion have
increased cardiac rate & contractility
