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RN A&P 1 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

plasmas main liquid component

A

water

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2
Q

how is the pH of blood describe

A

slightly basic/alkaline

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3
Q

what is measured in a hematocrit test

A

percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample

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4
Q

how does blood aid in the maintenance of body temp

A

promotes heat loss when closer to the external skin, and heat conservation when closer to the core

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5
Q

what is the function of gamma globulins

A

comprise part of the immune system & fight infections

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6
Q

what is the function of the plasma protein albumin

A

binds to & transport fatty acids & steroid hormones

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7
Q

what determines exact hue of hemoglobin

A

degree of oxygen saturation

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8
Q

erythrocytes are ____ whereas leukocytes are ___

A

RBC; WBC

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9
Q

nutrients from digestion are processed by the ___ before being released back into bloodstream & transported to somatic cells

A

liver

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10
Q

the fluid extracellular matrix of blood is called

A

plasma

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11
Q

what is the relationship between blood & carbon dioxide

A

carbon dioxide is a cellular waste product that is delivered to the lungs

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12
Q

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens are this type of molecule

A

proteins

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13
Q

which of the following disorders would be most likely to be treated with erythropoietin

A

anemia

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14
Q

which organ is responsible for secreting erythropoietin

A

kidneys

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15
Q

what happens during the process known as blood doping

A

supplemental RBCs are injected into an individual

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16
Q

where can extramedullary hemopoiesis occur

A

in liver & spleen

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17
Q

how are majority of bone marrow donations sampled

A

blood draw

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18
Q

all formed elements of blood originate from

A

hemocytoblasts

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19
Q

in terms of immune cells, B cells mature in the ___, whereas T cells mature in the ___

A

bone marrow, thymus

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20
Q

what is created by the lymphoid stem cells

A

immune cells such as B, T, and NK cells

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21
Q

which of the following disorders is a result of excessive amounts of bilirubin

A

jaundice

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22
Q

as a whole, erythrocytes comprise approximately what percentage of all body cells

A

25%

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23
Q

what happens to erythrocytes at the end of their life cycles

A

their contents are recycled by macrophages to be reused

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24
Q

how do erythrocytes move through smaller diameter capillaries

A

their biconcave shape allows them to fold up to pass through

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25
Q

what happens to erythrocytes at the end of their life cycles

A

their contents are recycled by macrophages to be reused

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26
Q

approximately what percentage of total blood volume is filtered by the kidneys per day

A

20%

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27
Q

the healthcare practitioner is caring for a patient who had controlled hypothermia during open heart surgery. The nurse understands the client received a medication to prevent shivering for which reasion

A

to reduce energy consumption

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28
Q

which of the following is the most damaging potential symptom of sickle cell disease

A

abnormally shaped erythrocytes can block blood flow through capillaries to body tissues

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29
Q

percent saturation refers to

A

amount of hemoglobin sites carrying oxygen in the blood

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30
Q

which element is bound to the pigment in hemoglobin

A

iron

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31
Q

what is the relationship between hemoglobin & CO2

A

some CO2 binds to amino acids of hemoglobin & is then exchanged in capillaries

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32
Q

hypoxia would be present in patients w pulse oximeter reading of

A

below 95%

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33
Q

due to elevation, people residing at sea level will show hematocrit levels ___ those residing at high elevations

A

lower than

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34
Q

how does a pulse oximeter measure percent saturation

A

by calculating how much light is absorbed by hemoglobin

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35
Q

which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of severe dehydratioin

A

polycythemia & elevated hematocrit

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36
Q

anemia caused by poor absorption of vitamin B12, as seen in patients w/colitis & crohns disease is termed

A

pernicious anemia

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37
Q

what is a platelet plug

A

temporary seal of a perforation in a blood vessel

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38
Q

where are platelets found in the circulatory sytem

A

in the plasma of the blood

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39
Q

what is the role of fibrinogen in clotting

A

fibrinogen is converted into fibrin in order to form a mesh-like lattice that traps thrombocytes & erythrocytes to form a clot

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40
Q

extrinsic coagulation pathway is triggered by

A

external trauma resulting in tissue damage

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41
Q

platelets are responsible for hemostasis, which is

A

clotting in order to reduce blood loss after an injury

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42
Q

what is the function of heparin

A

anticoagulant released by basophils

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43
Q

which of the following vitamins is necessary in order for the liver to produce clotting factors

A

vitamin K

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44
Q

why if fibrinolysis necessary

A

as vessels heal, the formed clot must be removed to seal the wound

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45
Q

what is serum

A

blood plasma without its clotting factors

46
Q

what does it mean to say that hemophilia is an “x-linked disorder”

A

the genes for the disease are carries on the female x chromosome

47
Q

why is the enzyme thrombin usually found in an inactive form

A

because once active, it forms clots & would do so continuously if not inactive

48
Q

an occlusive thrombus occurs when

A

small blood vessel is totally blocked & restricts blood flow

49
Q

thrombocytopenia is a disorder where

A

an insufficient production of platelets impairs the clotting process

50
Q

how many main blood type categories are identified by ABO blood typing

A

4

51
Q

why is the second pregnancy of an Rh- mother to an Rh+ embryo dangerous

A

first exposure sensitizes the mothers immune system & the second pregnancy is treated as an antigen in the uterus & attacked

52
Q

which general blood type is considered a universal recipient of erythrocytes

A

AB

53
Q

what is meant by the term “Rh negative blood”

A

blood does not have the Rh D antigen present on their erythrocytes

54
Q

which blood type is considered a universal recipient of erythrocytes

A

AB

55
Q

which blood type is considered a universal donor of erythrocytes

A

O

56
Q

which antigen is/are responsible for determining blood type in ABO typing

A

antigen A & antigen B

57
Q

what happens when someone receives a blood transfusion of a non-compatible blood type

A

donor blood agglutinates when antibodies attach to its receptors

58
Q

what determines a person’s blood type

A

presence (or absence) of a specific marker molecule on the erythrocyte membranes

59
Q

what substance lies between the epicardium & pericardium

A

serous fluid

60
Q

by definition, arteries carry blood ___ the heart, whereas veins carry blood ___ the heart

A

away from, towards

61
Q

which of the following is the thickest layer of the heart, in terms of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

62
Q

where is the mediastinum located

A

medially between lungs

63
Q

which major blood vessels intersect w/ base of the heart

A

vena cavae, aorta, pulmonary trunk

64
Q

in general, arteries carry ___ blood & veins carry ___ blood

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

65
Q

what is the main difference between the pulmonary & systemic circuits

A

pulmonary circuit involves blood moving to & from the lungs, whereas systemic circuit involves blood moving to & from the body

66
Q

which of the following shows correct pathway of circulating blood through the vessels

A

heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

67
Q

what is the function of valves in the blood vessels

A

prevent backflow of blood

68
Q

which vessel drains deoxygenated blood from the walls of the heart

A

coronary sinus

69
Q

what is the thickest chamber of the heart & why

A

left ventricle, because it has to pump blood throughout the entire superior & inferior systemic circuit

70
Q

what is the function of valves in the blood vessels

A

prevent backflow of blood

71
Q

where are intercalated discs found

A

between adjacent cardiomyocytes

72
Q

which of the following cell organelles are most numerous in a cardiomyocyte

A

mitochondria

73
Q

what exists between the ventricles & blood vessels that leave them

A

semilunar valves

74
Q

which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood returning from systemic circulation

A

right atrium

75
Q

in terms of atrioventricular valves, the ___ valve is on the right side of the heart, whereas the ___ is on the left side of the heart

A

tricuspid, bicuspid

76
Q

what blood vessel drains blood from the head & neck area

A

superior vena cava

77
Q

what is the most likely treatment for an extreme case of patent foramen ovale

A

surgery to seal the opening

78
Q

the defect tetralogy of fallot allows blood to flow abnormally ___, thus causing oxygen deficiency

A

between the ventricles

79
Q

when the bicuspid valve is open, what is the status of the aortic semilunar valve, and why

A

it remains closed so blood from the aorta doesnt backflow into the left ventricle

80
Q

during routine auscultation, what instrument is typically utilized by the healthcare provider

A

stethoscope

81
Q

what is meant by a septum

A

wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers

82
Q

what is the foramen ovale in a fetus

A

shunt between left & right atria

83
Q

where is the fossa ovalis located

A

between left & right atria

84
Q

the ductus arteriosus is a fetal shunt that connects the ___ to the ___ in order to reroute blood

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk

85
Q

which of the following shows a correct pathway of depolarization of the heart

A

SA node-atria-AV node-purkinje fibers-ventricles

86
Q

what is meant by a “refractory period”

A

length of time between action potentials when the cell is in a resting state

87
Q

what is another name for the atrioventricular bundle

A

bundle of His

88
Q

why is it necessary to have nodes in the heart for depolarizations to continue through

A

without them, depolarization would slow down as it went through the heart & bradycardia would occur

89
Q

which of the following is critical for the functioning of cardiac conductive & contractive cells

A

calcium

90
Q

what accounts for the hearts refractory period

A

movement of calcium ions through slow channels

91
Q

in an adult heart, what sets the cardiac rhythm

A

sinoatrial node

92
Q

where does depolarization of the heart begin

A

in right atrium

93
Q

what is represented by the T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

94
Q

where would an anomaly such as a delay in conduction of impulses from the SA node to the AV node appear on an EKG

A

in the PR interval

95
Q

how is an EKG used to detect abnormal heart function

A

a normal P wave, QRS pattern, and T wave are used as comparison; deviations indicate abnormalities

96
Q

what does the QRS complex represent

A

depolarization of the ventricles

97
Q

which significant event begins shortly after the start of the P wave

A

atria begin to contact

98
Q

what is a fibrillation

A

an uncoordinated beating of the heart

99
Q

where would an anomaly such as a delay in conduction of impulses from the SA node to the AV node appear on an EKG

A

in PR interval

100
Q

what is meant by a heart block

A

an interruption in the normal conduction pathway

101
Q

how does parasympathetic stimulation affect the heart

A

stimulation of the vagus nerve causes the release of acetylcholine to slow heart rate

102
Q

what is referred to by the term “cardiac reflexes”

A

precise control of heart function by the cardiovascular centers

103
Q

what signs and symptoms accompany “broken heart syndrome”

A

congestive heart failure due to a weakened myocardium

104
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex

A

increased firing of baroreceptors in the vessels that triggers an increase in parasympathetic stimulation

105
Q

nervous center control of the heart is regulated in the brain by the

A

medulla

106
Q

during exercise, sympathetic stimulation of the heart occurs in order to

A

increase heart rate & blood flow

107
Q

how does sympathetic nervous stimulation affect the heart

A

causes the release of norepinephrine, which increases rate of depolarization

108
Q

alkalosis refers to a blood pH ___, whereas acidosis refers to a blood pH ___

A

above 7.45, below 7.35

109
Q

how does the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood affect its pH

A

a high H+ concentration lowers blood pH

110
Q

what is meant by the term “afterload”

A

ventricular force required to pump blood against the resistance in the vessels

111
Q

what happens to an enzyme when pH levels become extremely basic or acidic

A

they denature & revert back to their primary structure

112
Q

what effect on the body does increased levels of thyroxin secretion have

A

increased cardiac rate & contractility

RN A&P 1 (9 decks)

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