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biological sciences year 1 > tissues and cells > Flashcards

tissues and cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does dermal tissue do?

A

protect plant tissues and prevent water loss

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2
Q

What is dermal tissue made of?

A

pavement cells, guard cells & subsidiary cells around the stomata

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3
Q

Where can dermal tissue be found?

A

outer layer of stems, roots and leaves

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4
Q

What is the function of ground tissue?

A

makes up the bulk of plant mass: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclernechyma

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5
Q

Where can ground tissue be found?

A

stems, roots and leaves

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6
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue?

A

xylem transports water, phloem transports sugars

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7
Q

Where is vascular tissue found?

A

stems, leaves and roots

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8
Q

What is the function of meristematic tissue?

A

cell division to produce new growth

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9
Q

Where can meristematic tissue be found?

A

tips of roots, shoots, in buds, around stems of woody plants

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10
Q

What are meristems?

A

undifferentiated parenchymal cells

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11
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

thin, uniform cell walls and a large vacuole. form photosynthetic cells in leaves and stems. they are the only dividing cells

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12
Q

What is the collenchyma?

A

living cells, thickened cell walls - thickness depends on mechanical stress. structural support in growing shoots and leaves

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13
Q

What is the sclerenchyma?

A

long, slender cells bundled together. thick cell walls: cells themselves are dead. develop in association with xylem and phloem

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14
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A

separation of internal & external environments

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15
Q

Where is the epithelium located?

A

outer coverings, lining of the gut, respiratory and urogential system

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

support, linking, binding, space filling

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17
Q

Where can the connective tissue be found?

A

widespread, as specific tissues and as parts of other structures e.g. bone, tendon, dermis etc

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18
Q

What is the function of muscle?

A

generates movement

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19
Q

Where can muscle be located?

A

skeletal muscle, heart smooth muscle, widespread

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20
Q

What is the function of nerve tissue?

A

communication

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21
Q

Where can nerve tissue be found?

A

CNS, PNS; widespread

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22
Q

Where are the cells of connective tissue?

A

embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM)

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23
Q

What is the composition of the extracellular matrix?

A

fibres embedded in ‘ground substance’. fibres - collagen (tensile strength) and elastic(stretch and recoil)

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24
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

complex glycosaminoglycans attached to proteins - proteoglycans

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25
Q

How does the ECM get its mechanical properties?

A

fibres give tensile strength and elastic recoil, ground substance gives compression resistance. connective tissue cells make the matrix, sense loading of the matrix and modify matrix according to load

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26
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper (tendon/ligament/dermis, loose CT, blood), cartilage (skeletal, supportive), bone (skeletal, supportive)

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27
Q

What are features common to all epithelia?

A

cellularity (entirely cellular), specialised cellular contacts (desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight and gap junctions), polarity (top surface is different to bottom), basement membrane made of two cells (basal lamina and reticular fibres = collagen)

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28
Q

What is the most common stratified epithelia?

A

most common is stratified squamous - protects from damage.

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29
Q

What is the toughest stratified epithelium?

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium of the skin - tough, dead, waterproof covering

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30
Q

What is the second toughest stratified epithelium?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinising

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31
Q

Where does simple epithelia occur?

A

where substances must be transported across the epithelium

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32
Q

What do simple squamous cells do

A

very thin - act as filters (let water and ions through but hold back bigger molecules

33
Q

What do simple columnar and cuboidal cells do?

A

roles in active transport and modification of materials that pass through them

34
Q

What other cell types may columnar epithelia contain?

A

goblet cells or lymphocytes

35
Q

What is a common feature of the ECM?

A

fibrous framework embedded in a gel-like background matrix

36
Q

What are common features of the ECM in plants?

A

polysaccharide fibres embedded in matrix of highly charged pectin polymers

37
Q

What are common features of the ECM in animals?

A

fibrous protein fibres embedded in matrix of highly charged glycosaminoglycans

38
Q

What is a plant cell wall made of?

A

cellulose cross linked by thick hemicellulose fibres embedded in a complex gel of pectins

39
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

gives rigidity and strength - works in association with turgor pressure from water that osmosis draws in

40
Q

What is the composition of the plant cell wall?

A

middle lamella: first component secreted after cell division - glues cells together and allows plasmodesmata to form, primary cell wall: synthesised second, secondary cell wall: synthesised last but only after cell wall is no longer dividing

41
Q

What is the structure of pectic acid?

A

long, charged sugar chains form hydrated gel in presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+

42
Q

What are the properties of the plant primary cell wall?

A

pushes middle lamella away from plasma membrane, expendable to allow for cell growth, semi-permeable for nutrition and respiration

43
Q

What are properties of the plant secondary cell wall?

A

forms between plasma membrane and primary cell wall. mostly fibres. may be very thick which gives the region of the plant very high tensile and compressive strength

44
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

type I = the single most common protein in the body - most connective tissue. type II = cartilage. type III = prominent in embryonic tissues and repair tissues. type IV = basal lamina

45
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

individual alpha chains assemble into 3 layers to form tropocollagen. tropocollagen assembles into fibrils. fibrils associate to form fibres

46
Q

What is elastin made from?

A

tropoelastin protein subunits and the glycoprotein fibrillin

47
Q

What is the Ehler Danloss syndrome?

A

mutation in type I collagen. elastin works but collagen doesn’t so there is hyperelasticity of the skin

48
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

long unbranched polysaccharide chains.

49
Q

What do GAGs do?

A

draw water into structure due to charge - generate ‘swelling pressure’

50
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with glycosylations, but not as extensive as proteoglycans

51
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

mutlidomain glycoprotein: domains bind to different substrates. link cell surfaces to a wide range of other molecules. cell adhesion

52
Q

What is laminin?

A

basal lamina along with type IV collagen

53
Q

What are some examples of excitable cells?

A

neurones, cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle

54
Q

What causes a potential difference across a membrane?

A

passive movement of ions , active transport of ions

55
Q

What are intracellular potassium ion levels?

A

140 mM

56
Q

What are intracellular sodium ion levels?

A

15 mM

57
Q

What are intracellular chlorine ion levels?

A

7 mM

58
Q

What are extracellular potassium ion levels?

A

4 mM

59
Q

What are extracellular sodium ion levels?

A

150 mM

60
Q

What are extracellular chlorine levels?

A

125 mM

61
Q

What does the Nernst equation tell us?

A

the magnitude of the electrical gradient that would exactly balance a given concentration gradient of a potential ion

62
Q

What is the origin of resting potential?

A

unequal distribution of ions across membrane and selective permeability of the cell membrane

63
Q

What is loose connective tissue for?

A

space filling, energy storage, cushioning, planes of movement, immune function

64
Q

What does hyaluronan do?

A

prevent spread of infection

65
Q

What are mast cells for?

A

immune function, swelling, inflammation, anaphylaxis

66
Q

What are fat cells for?

A

energy storage, space filling, cushioning

67
Q

What is regular dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

highly organised parallel fibres

68
Q

What is irregular dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

random colagen fibres

69
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic and fibro-cartilage

70
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage?

A

joint surfaces, foetal skeleton, tracheal rings

71
Q

What is structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

glass-like, no visible fibrous structure, lots of fibres present. made of outer fibrous layer called perichondrium, inner chondrogenic layer

72
Q

What is the structure of elastic cartilage?

A

just like hyaline but with lots of elastic fibres in the matrix

73
Q

What is the structure of fibrocartilage?

A

intermediate between hyaline and dense fibrous connective tissue. visible fibrous and high GAG content.

74
Q

What is bone structure?

A

inside is spongy, outside is compact

75
Q

What is bone extracellular matrix?

A

brittle calcium phosphate mineral reinforced by flexible type I collagen to form strong composite material

76
Q

What is bone ossification?

A

the process of bone formation and occurs between 6th and 7th week of embryonic development

77
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

makes cartilage not bone. cartilage is replaced by bon

78
Q

What is the primary centre for ossification?

A

diaphysis

79
Q

What is the secondary centre of ossification?

A

epiphysis

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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