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biological sciences year 1 > tissues and cells > Flashcards

tissues and cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does dermal tissue do?

A

protect plant tissues and prevent water loss

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2
Q

What is dermal tissue made of?

A

pavement cells, guard cells & subsidiary cells around the stomata

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3
Q

Where can dermal tissue be found?

A

outer layer of stems, roots and leaves

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4
Q

What is the function of ground tissue?

A

makes up the bulk of plant mass: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclernechyma

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5
Q

Where can ground tissue be found?

A

stems, roots and leaves

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6
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue?

A

xylem transports water, phloem transports sugars

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7
Q

Where is vascular tissue found?

A

stems, leaves and roots

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8
Q

What is the function of meristematic tissue?

A

cell division to produce new growth

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9
Q

Where can meristematic tissue be found?

A

tips of roots, shoots, in buds, around stems of woody plants

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10
Q

What are meristems?

A

undifferentiated parenchymal cells

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11
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

thin, uniform cell walls and a large vacuole. form photosynthetic cells in leaves and stems. they are the only dividing cells

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12
Q

What is the collenchyma?

A

living cells, thickened cell walls - thickness depends on mechanical stress. structural support in growing shoots and leaves

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13
Q

What is the sclerenchyma?

A

long, slender cells bundled together. thick cell walls: cells themselves are dead. develop in association with xylem and phloem

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14
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A

separation of internal & external environments

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15
Q

Where is the epithelium located?

A

outer coverings, lining of the gut, respiratory and urogential system

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

support, linking, binding, space filling

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17
Q

Where can the connective tissue be found?

A

widespread, as specific tissues and as parts of other structures e.g. bone, tendon, dermis etc

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18
Q

What is the function of muscle?

A

generates movement

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19
Q

Where can muscle be located?

A

skeletal muscle, heart smooth muscle, widespread

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20
Q

What is the function of nerve tissue?

A

communication

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21
Q

Where can nerve tissue be found?

A

CNS, PNS; widespread

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22
Q

Where are the cells of connective tissue?

A

embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM)

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23
Q

What is the composition of the extracellular matrix?

A

fibres embedded in ‘ground substance’. fibres - collagen (tensile strength) and elastic(stretch and recoil)

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24
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

complex glycosaminoglycans attached to proteins - proteoglycans

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25
How does the ECM get its mechanical properties?
fibres give tensile strength and elastic recoil, ground substance gives compression resistance. connective tissue cells make the matrix, sense loading of the matrix and modify matrix according to load
26
What are the types of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper (tendon/ligament/dermis, loose CT, blood), cartilage (skeletal, supportive), bone (skeletal, supportive)
27
What are features common to all epithelia?
cellularity (entirely cellular), specialised cellular contacts (desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight and gap junctions), polarity (top surface is different to bottom), basement membrane made of two cells (basal lamina and reticular fibres = collagen)
28
What is the most common stratified epithelia?
most common is stratified squamous - protects from damage.
29
What is the toughest stratified epithelium?
stratified squamous keratinised epithelium of the skin - tough, dead, waterproof covering
30
What is the second toughest stratified epithelium?
stratified squamous non-keratinising
31
Where does simple epithelia occur?
where substances must be transported across the epithelium
32
What do simple squamous cells do
very thin - act as filters (let water and ions through but hold back bigger molecules
33
What do simple columnar and cuboidal cells do?
roles in active transport and modification of materials that pass through them
34
What other cell types may columnar epithelia contain?
goblet cells or lymphocytes
35
What is a common feature of the ECM?
fibrous framework embedded in a gel-like background matrix
36
What are common features of the ECM in plants?
polysaccharide fibres embedded in matrix of highly charged pectin polymers
37
What are common features of the ECM in animals?
fibrous protein fibres embedded in matrix of highly charged glycosaminoglycans
38
What is a plant cell wall made of?
cellulose cross linked by thick hemicellulose fibres embedded in a complex gel of pectins
39
What is the function of the plant cell wall?
gives rigidity and strength - works in association with turgor pressure from water that osmosis draws in
40
What is the composition of the plant cell wall?
middle lamella: first component secreted after cell division - glues cells together and allows plasmodesmata to form, primary cell wall: synthesised second, secondary cell wall: synthesised last but only after cell wall is no longer dividing
41
What is the structure of pectic acid?
long, charged sugar chains form hydrated gel in presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+
42
What are the properties of the plant primary cell wall?
pushes middle lamella away from plasma membrane, expendable to allow for cell growth, semi-permeable for nutrition and respiration
43
What are properties of the plant secondary cell wall?
forms between plasma membrane and primary cell wall. mostly fibres. may be very thick which gives the region of the plant very high tensile and compressive strength
44
What is the structure of collagen?
type I = the single most common protein in the body - most connective tissue. type II = cartilage. type III = prominent in embryonic tissues and repair tissues. type IV = basal lamina
45
What is the structure of collagen?
individual alpha chains assemble into 3 layers to form tropocollagen. tropocollagen assembles into fibrils. fibrils associate to form fibres
46
What is elastin made from?
tropoelastin protein subunits and the glycoprotein fibrillin
47
What is the Ehler Danloss syndrome?
mutation in type I collagen. elastin works but collagen doesn't so there is hyperelasticity of the skin
48
What are glycosaminoglycans?
long unbranched polysaccharide chains.
49
What do GAGs do?
draw water into structure due to charge - generate 'swelling pressure'
50
What are glycoproteins?
proteins with glycosylations, but not as extensive as proteoglycans
51
What is fibronectin?
mutlidomain glycoprotein: domains bind to different substrates. link cell surfaces to a wide range of other molecules. cell adhesion
52
What is laminin?
basal lamina along with type IV collagen
53
What are some examples of excitable cells?
neurones, cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle
54
What causes a potential difference across a membrane?
passive movement of ions , active transport of ions
55
What are intracellular potassium ion levels?
140 mM
56
What are intracellular sodium ion levels?
15 mM
57
What are intracellular chlorine ion levels?
7 mM
58
What are extracellular potassium ion levels?
4 mM
59
What are extracellular sodium ion levels?
150 mM
60
What are extracellular chlorine levels?
125 mM
61
What does the Nernst equation tell us?
the magnitude of the electrical gradient that would exactly balance a given concentration gradient of a potential ion
62
What is the origin of resting potential?
unequal distribution of ions across membrane and selective permeability of the cell membrane
63
What is loose connective tissue for?
space filling, energy storage, cushioning, planes of movement, immune function
64
What does hyaluronan do?
prevent spread of infection
65
What are mast cells for?
immune function, swelling, inflammation, anaphylaxis
66
What are fat cells for?
energy storage, space filling, cushioning
67
What is regular dense fibrous connective tissue?
highly organised parallel fibres
68
What is irregular dense fibrous connective tissue?
random colagen fibres
69
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic and fibro-cartilage
70
Where is hyaline cartilage?
joint surfaces, foetal skeleton, tracheal rings
71
What is structure of hyaline cartilage?
glass-like, no visible fibrous structure, lots of fibres present. made of outer fibrous layer called perichondrium, inner chondrogenic layer
72
What is the structure of elastic cartilage?
just like hyaline but with lots of elastic fibres in the matrix
73
What is the structure of fibrocartilage?
intermediate between hyaline and dense fibrous connective tissue. visible fibrous and high GAG content.
74
What is bone structure?
inside is spongy, outside is compact
75
What is bone extracellular matrix?
brittle calcium phosphate mineral reinforced by flexible type I collagen to form strong composite material
76
What is bone ossification?
the process of bone formation and occurs between 6th and 7th week of embryonic development
77
What is endochondral ossification?
makes cartilage not bone. cartilage is replaced by bon
78
What is the primary centre for ossification?
diaphysis
79
What is the secondary centre of ossification?
epiphysis

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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