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biological sciences year 1 > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How do chromosomes condense?

A

caused by multiple rounds of folding and coiling - they are condensed by condensin

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2
Q

How do chromosomes attach to the spindle?

A

microtubules form a network, connecting poles of each cell with each other and the cell wall - microtubules are produced by centrioles

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3
Q

How many centrioles are in a centrosome?

A

two and centrioles are at 90 degrees from each other

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4
Q

What do astral microtubules do?

A

bind to the plasma membrane and fix spindle in place

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5
Q

What does the kinetochore microtubule do?

A

affix to chromosome

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6
Q

What does the interpolar microtubule do?

A

affix to other microtubules in the spindle

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7
Q

What are the mitotic spindles?

A

tubulin molecules became polymerised into spirals to form microtubules

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8
Q

What does dynein do in mitosis?

A

attaches astral microtubules to the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What does kinesin-14 do?

A

tightens the spindle

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10
Q

What does kinesin-5 do?

A

expands the spindle

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11
Q

What does kinesin-4, -10 do?

A

move chromosomes to the poles of the microtubules

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12
Q

What does the centromere do?

A

joins chromatids together at a single point along their length

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13
Q

What are the layers of the kinetochore?

A

checkpoint - collar (attaches to spindle), outer - structural, inner - binds to DNA

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14
Q

How are the chromosomes orientated?

A

so that one chromatid faces each pole of the spindle

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15
Q

What pulls the chromatids apart?

A

separase

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16
Q

How do spindles shorten?

A

removal of tubulin from + end, this force pulls kinetochore to pole. removal of tubulin from - end causes depolymerisation of the + end of kinetochore microtubule

17
Q

What happens during anaphase A?

A

separation of chromatids and shortening of kinetochore microtubules

18
Q

What happens during anaphase B?

A

separation of spindle cores - a sliding force is generated between interpolar microtubules to push the poles apart

19
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

spindle degraded, lamin reforma, cytokinesis initiates

20
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1 phases, S phases, G2 phase, M phase

21
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase?

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, centrosomes replicate

22
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

chromosomes fully condense and become visible, spindle forms

23
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

chromosomes attach to spindle

24
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes align at equator

25
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

spindle contracts, chromatids separate

26
Q

What happens during telophase + cytokinesis?

A

chromosomes reach poles of cells, nucleus reforms, spindle degrades

27
Q

What holds chromatids together?

A

cohesion - forms a dimer loop between subunits

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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