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biological sciences year 1 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gingiva?

A

gums

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2
Q

How do baby teeth become looser and fall out?

A

osteoclasts eat the roots of the baby teeth - when the root has been completely digested then the tooth can fall out

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3
Q

What stops the tongue flipping backwards?

A

frenulum

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4
Q

What does the soft palate shut off?

A

nasal cavity from oral cavity when you swallow

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5
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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6
Q

What are features of the parotid gland?

A

runny, serous secretion which enters mouth by upper second molar. very long duct

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7
Q

What are features of the submandibular gland?

A

long duct. thin sero-mucous secretion

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8
Q

What are features of the sublingual gland?

A

lots of short ducts. thick mucus secretion

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9
Q

Where is the pharynx?

A

at the top of the stomach. muscular tube

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10
Q

What does the pharynx contain?

A

superior, middle and inferior constrictor

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11
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

separates what you swallow from the air you breath

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12
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

fundus, body, pylorus

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13
Q

Where does any air swallowed go?

A

into the fundus

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14
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

some protein digestion, reduction of solid food to loose, semisolid chyme, delivery of chyme to duodenum

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15
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunun and ileum

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16
Q

What are the rugae for in the stomach?

A

to increase surface area

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17
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

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18
Q

What lines the main abdominal cavity?

A

parietal peritoneum

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19
Q

What surrounds the small intestine?

A

visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

What are folds of peritoneum called?

A

mesenteries

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21
Q

Why does intermittent churning occur in the small intestine?

A

mixing

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22
Q

What shape is the duodenum?

A

c-shaped, bent around the head of the pancreas, on the back wall of the abdomen

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23
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

receives acid material from stomach; protected by mucus glands, receives produces of pancreas and bile from liver + pancreatic juices from pancreas with digestive enzymes

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24
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

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25
Q

What is secreted to the duodenum?

A

bile from liver and pancreatic juice from pancreas with digestive enzymes

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26
Q

When are both secretions released?

A

when chyme enters the duodenum

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27
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

allows mixing of pancreatic enzymes and fatty food materials: lowers surface tension and emulsifies fat

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28
Q

Where is the ileo-caecal junction?

A

end of the small intestine - guarded by the ileo-caecal valve

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29
Q

When does food arrive at the ileo-caecal junction?

A

3-4 hours after swallowing

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30
Q

What is the total length of the large intestine?

A

1.6m

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31
Q

What are the structures present in the large intestine + after?

A

caecum -> colon -> rectum -> anal cavity

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32
Q

What are the parts of the colon?

A

ascending, descending and sigmoid

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33
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

water & ion absorption, formation of faeces

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34
Q

What triggers defecation?

A

distension of its walls

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35
Q

What are the three basic regions of the oral cavity?

A

masticatory mucosa, ordinary lining mucosa, specialised mucosa (tongue)

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36
Q

What are features of the masticatory mucosa?

A

gingiva & hard palate. stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

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37
Q

How is the masticatory mucosa firmly anchored to the bone?

A

by collagen fibres in the submucosa

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38
Q

What is the shape of the gingiva?

A

wavy

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39
Q

Where is the lining mucosa?

A

anywhere other than the top surface of the tongue, the gingiva and the hard palate

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40
Q

What epithelium is in the lining mucosa?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinised

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41
Q

What is the tongue divided into?

A

two anterior thirds and a posterior one third

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42
Q

What does the anterior two thirds have on it?

A

lingual papillae

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43
Q

What are the fungiform papillae?

A

tastebuds

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44
Q

What are the shape of filiform papillae?

A

sharp and pointed

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45
Q

What occurred at the foramen caecum?

A

the site from which your thyroid gland developed as an embryo

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46
Q

What is the order of things in the tongue from front to back?

A

filiform papillae -> fungiform papillae -> foliate papillae -> vallate papillae -> foramen caecum

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47
Q

What do the nerves associated with taste buds interact with?

A

sensory glands

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48
Q

What are the four types of taste bud?

A

sweet, bitter, acid, salt

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49
Q

What is the first layer of the hollow tube of the gut?

A

mucosa - lamina propria is underneath, then the muscle lining

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50
Q

What is the second layer of the hollow tube of the gut?

A

submucosa - has lots of lymphatics and blood vessels

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51
Q

What is the third layer of the hollow tube of the gut?

A

muscularis externa - contracts to make gut narrow, peristaltic movement is controlled by the Auerbach’s plexus

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52
Q

What is the outermost layer of the hollow tube of the gut?

A

adventitia

53
Q

What is the Meissner’s plexus?

A

a neural network located within the submucosa

54
Q

What epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinised

55
Q

What glands as present in the oesophagus?

A

mucus-secreting

56
Q

What types of muscle are present in the oesophagus?

A

three types due to both voluntary and involuntary control

57
Q

How many muscle layers are in the M. externa of the stomach?

A

three

58
Q

Why is mucus produced in the stomach?

A

to keep acidic conditions away from the epithelium of the stomach

59
Q

What is made in the gastric glands?

A

HCl and pepsinogen

60
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

make HCl

61
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

make pepsin

62
Q

What folds run circular around the duodenum?

A

plicae circulares - folds to submucosa

63
Q

What are the villi folds of?

A

mucosa

64
Q

What are the Crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

they are tubular glands formed from the mucosa of the small intestine in between the bases of the villi. The cells of these glands secrete intestinal juice.

65
Q

Where are the Crypts of Lieberkuhn present?

A

small intestine but there are also crypts in the large intestine

66
Q

What do the taeniae coli do?

A

slightly contracted so make gut scrunch up

67
Q

What are the taeniae coli?

A

they are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons

68
Q

When is the rectum relaxed?

A

when is it empty

69
Q

What lines the anal canal?

A

goblet cells

70
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

71
Q

What is the cause of the cephalic phase?

A

sensation & thoughts

72
Q

What is the effect of the cephalic phase?

A

cerebral cortex/hypothalamus + parasympathetic system stimulated

73
Q

What can distension stimulate?

A

G cells

74
Q

When is gastric secretion inhibited?

A

pH < 2 + so is stimulated when pH rises

75
Q

What does gastrin stimulate when transported to gastric glands?

A

stimulates gastric secretion, contraction of lower oesophageal sphincter, increased motility & relaxes pyloric sphincter

76
Q

How are HCl secreting parietal cells stimulated?

A

by gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine

77
Q

What happens during the excitatory phase of the intestine?

A

stretch receptors respond, chemoreceptors detect fatty acids and glucose in the chyme, enterendocrine cells release gastrin, increases gastric peristalsis and emptying

78
Q

What happens during the inhibitory phase of the intestine?

A

enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine release cholecystokini (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), secretin

79
Q

What happens in the pancreas?

A

parasympathetic impulse along vagus nerve, stimulate secretion of pancreatic enzyme, acidic chyme, CCK and secretin enter blood, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes

80
Q

What happens in the liver?

A

parasympathetic impulse along vagus nerve stimulates bile production by liver, fatty acids + amino acids in chyme stimulate secreting of CCK, when acid chyme enters duodenum secretin is secreted into blood, CCK causes contraction of the gallbladder, secretin enhances flow of bile rich in HCO3- from liver

81
Q

What does CCK do to appetite?

A

reduces appetite and inhibits eating

82
Q

What is released from the intestine in response to food?

A

glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY (PYY)

83
Q

What are peripheral hunger signals mediated by?

A

ghrelin - increases food intake

84
Q

What is ghrelin secreted by?

A

endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa

85
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

increases hunger, growth hormone & fat stores

86
Q

What does ghrelin bind to in the hypothalamus?

A

growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR)

87
Q

What are long term satiety signals?

A

leptin, insulin, oestrogen

88
Q

What may leptin, insulin + oestrogen target?

A

anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin neuron (POMC)

89
Q

What are POMC and CART stimulated by?

A

leptin

90
Q

What does leptin suppress?

A

long-term appetite

91
Q

What peptides are present in the melanocortin system?

A

anrenocorticotropin & melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)

92
Q

Where does the melanocortin system occur?

A

in the arcuate nucleus hypothalamus

93
Q

What is the melanocortin system activated by?

A

POMC and CART

94
Q

What is the melanocortin system inhibited by?

A

NPY and AgRP

95
Q

What stimulates NPY and AgRP?

A

ghrelin

96
Q

What are NPY and AgRP neurones suppressed by?

A

insulin and leptin

97
Q

What receptors are on NPY?

A

GCPR

98
Q

What does NPY stimulate?

A

eating

99
Q

What does AgRP bind to?

A

binds and inhibits MC4R

100
Q

What does AgRP inhibit?

A

anorexigenic effects of alpha-MSH

101
Q

What epithelium is in the rumen?

A

stratified squamous keratinised

102
Q

How many hours a day do cows spend ruminating?

A

8 hours

103
Q

What percentage of water is in the rumen?

A

85-93%

104
Q

How does rumination work?

A

material drawn back into the oesophagus and muscle contractions return it to mouth, liquid rapidly re-swallowed, coarse material chewed again, each bolus chewed 40-50 times

105
Q

How much bacteria is in each millimetre of rumen?

A

10-50 million bacteria

106
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

107
Q

What is the epithelium is the reticulum?

A

stratified squamous keratinised

108
Q

What occurs in the reticulum?

A

particle sorting

109
Q

What mucosa surrounds the reticulum?

A

muscularis - aids separation, mixing and breakdown

110
Q

What does the omasum do?

A

regulates entry of food into the abomasum

111
Q

What is absorbed in the omasum?

A

water and VFA absorption

112
Q

What does the abomasum do?

A

broadly the same digestive functions as humans

113
Q

What is the oesophageal groove?

A

when the head is incline up, allows food straight into the abomasum

114
Q

Why do they ruminate?

A

animals don’t produce enzymes to digest cellulose

115
Q

What is hemicellulose closely bound to?

A

lignin

116
Q

What is lignin a polymer of?

A

phenylpropane

117
Q

What does lignin do?

A

binds to hemicellulose only, forms a matrix around cellulose

118
Q

Where does 90% of cellulose digestion occur?

A

reticulorumen

119
Q

What does bacteria bind with?

A

glycocalyx

120
Q

What is cellulosome?

A

large, multicellular enzyme complexes for adhesion and hydrolysis of cellulose

121
Q

How much starch is digested in the rumen?

A

47-95%

122
Q

What is starch digested by?

A

alpha-amylase to oligosaccharides

123
Q

What are the oligosaccharides degraded to?

A

glucose

124
Q

What does protozoa uptake do?

A

stabilises fermentation and is less readily passed from the rumen

125
Q

What does bacterial uptake do?

A

may account for as much as 50% of carbohydrate leaving rumen

126
Q

What percentage of glucose required comes from VFAs?

A

70%

127
Q

How can methane be decreased?

A

if you feed cows more corn and less grass

128
Q

What is the origin of most protein that reaches the abomasum?

A

microbes

129
Q

What are advantages of ruminant digestion?

A

utilises feed too fibrous for non-ruminants, uses the most abundant carbohydrate, produces high-quality microbial protein for NPN, produces vitamin B complexes

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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