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biological sciences year 1 > nervous systems > Flashcards

nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nervous system required to do?

A

produce effective responses to a stimulus from the environment

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2
Q

Where are interneurones?

A

between neurones and form a connection with other neurones

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3
Q

What do interneurones do to synapses?

A

increases the number of them

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4
Q

What is a hydra?

A

a freshwater invertebrate

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5
Q

What is the nerve system of a hydra?

A

a simple nerve net with no central nervous system

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6
Q

In what directions does the hydra conduct action potentials?

A

in all directions

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7
Q

What is the movement of a seas anemone?

A

slow but coordinated movements of polyps, tentacles for catching prey

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8
Q

What is the nervous system of a jellyfish?

A

more complex nerve nets - spontaneous rhythmic activity

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9
Q

How do jellyfish propel themselves forward?

A

contractions of the margin of the bell (umbrella shaped part) produce a propulsive force forward

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10
Q

What is the nervous system of star fish?

A

a modified nerve net with control of limb movements coordinated by the neural ring - the radial nerves can control the movement of each limb individually

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11
Q

What does the evolution of bilaterality lead to?

A

cephalisation

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12
Q

What are the consequences of cephalisation?

A

increase in the number of nerve cells, concentration of nerve cells into ganglia, ganglia into brains, nerves into nerve cordds

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13
Q

What is a segment?

A

a unit of anatomical structure that can be repeated along the length of an animal

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14
Q

What are the consequences of segmentation?

A

development of segmental ganglia with sufficient complex neural circuitry to control locomotion in individual segments, coordination of movement between adjacent segments

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15
Q

What type of nervous system do arthropods have?

A

autonomic nervous system which innervates the viscera of the body. they also have ganglia joined by connecting nerves

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16
Q

How do arthropods coordinate movement?

A

receive sensory information from a body segment, activate dorsal/ventral muscles appropriately, use central pattern generators (CPGs), interconnections between ganglia propagate activity along length of animal

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17
Q

What does the CNS develop from?

A

the neural tube

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18
Q

What are large areas devoted to in lower vertebrate brains?

A

olfaction

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19
Q

What are some key features of mammalian brains?

A

folding of the cortex, development of six layered neocortex, enlargement of cerebellum, reduction of olfactory system

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20
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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21
Q

What is grey matter?

A

collection of cell bodies

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22
Q

What are laminae?

A

layers of the cortex

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23
Q

What are CPGs?

A

network of neurones which produce rhythmic behaviours

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24
Q

What are brainstem locomotor command centres controlled by?

A

basal ganglia in the cerebral hemisphere

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25
Q

What is the Mauthner neurone?

A

a pair of neurones involved in fish escape behaviours that are essential for survival. ‘startle response’

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26
Q

Where are the M-neurones?

A

on either side of the brainstem

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27
Q

What was the evolution of the cerebellum during the transition onto land?

A

vestibulocerebellum - balance. spinocerebellum - body raised off ground. neocerebellum - connected to the cerebral cortex for motor coordination

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28
Q

What are the four phases of the step cycle?

A

flexion (F), first extension (E1), second extension (E2), third extension (E3)

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29
Q

What is the neuroanatomy of birdsong?

A

this is a complex interconnection of nuclei and tracts in the bird brain which control the syrinx to produce the song

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30
Q

What nerves are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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31
Q

What are the ascending sensory pathways?

A

dorsal column and spinothalamic

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32
Q

Where is the dorsal column?

A

at the back of the spinal cord

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33
Q

How is sensory information processed in the dorsal column?

A

by primary sensory neurones with the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia

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34
Q

Where do neurones cross over in the dorsal column?

A

medulla oblongata

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35
Q

Where do the neurones cross over in the spinothalamic?

A

at the point of entry (L5) - synapses with another neurone to create a contralateral pathway

36
Q

Where does information pass up in the spinothalamic?

A

the thalamus

37
Q

What are LMNs?

A

lower motor neurones

38
Q

What are afferent to LMNs?

A

descending pathways

39
Q

What is the descending motor pathway?

A

corticospinal tract

40
Q

Where does the tract pass through in the corticospinal tract?

A

the pyramidal structures of the medulla and decussates

41
Q

What does the corticospinal tract have control over?

A

LMNs that innervate skeletal muscle

42
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

the orderly arrangement of the nervous system in relation to the parts of the body

43
Q

What applies to all mammalian brains?

A

they have topographic maps representing anatomic organisation, specific brain regions tend to have specialised functions, neural circuits are plastic, neurogenesis is confined to specific areas

44
Q

What is the association cortex involved in?

A

communication, memory, planning future behaviour, thought

45
Q

What are gyri?

A

folds on the surface of the brain

46
Q

What are sulci?

A

dips between gyri

47
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

initiating, timing and terminating movements

48
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

A

motor output

49
Q

What are areas of grey matter deep in the hemisphere?

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

50
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

a collection of nuclei which produce regulated movements

51
Q

Where are the major inputs of the basal ganglia received from?

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem

52
Q

What do the major outputs from the basal ganglia go?

A

thalamus nerve, cortex, brainstem

53
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

relays sensory pathways to cerebral cortex, activates the cerebral cortex, coordination of visual and motor activity

54
Q

What does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

physiological, environmental and emotional changes that affect the autonomous nervous system

55
Q

What system is the hypothalamus part of?

A

limbic system - involved in thirst, hunger, appetite

56
Q

What does the hypothalamus maintain?

A

homeostasis and neuroendocrine control

57
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

functional composition of cranial nerves III-XII, convey sensory information to cortex, convey motor control from cortex to motor neurones, regulation of ANS

58
Q

What is breathing controlled by?

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q

What is the ANS involved in?

A

sleeping, eating, thermoregulation, crying etc.

60
Q

What is the meaning of autonomic?

A

functions without you being aware

61
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

it innervates and therefore control the organs of the body

62
Q

What is the ANS known as?

A

the visceral nervous system

63
Q

What two efferent neurones are part of the CNS?

A

autonomic preganglionic neurone and autonomic postganglionic neurone

64
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system consist of?

A

thoraco-lumbar outflows

65
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system consist of?

A

cranial and sacral components

66
Q

Which neurone is longer is the parasympathetic subdivision?

A

pre-ganglionic

67
Q

Which neurone is longer is the sympathetic subdivision

A

post-ganglionic

68
Q

What do all pre-ganglionic neurones release?

A

Ach

69
Q

What are the receptors on the post-ganglionic neurone of both the PNS and SNS?

A

nicotinic AChR

70
Q

What is the transmitter of the post-ganglionic neurone of the SNS?

A

noradrenaline

71
Q

What is the transmitter of the post-ganglionic neurone of the PNS?

A

Ach

72
Q

What are the receptors on target tissue of the SNS?

A

alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

73
Q

What are the receptors on target tissue of the PNS?

A

muscarinic AChR

74
Q

What are all pre-ganglionic neurones under the direct control of?

A

pathways descending from higher regions of the brain, in particular the hypothalamus

75
Q

Are post-ganglionic axons attached to cells of the target organs?

A

no as they may need to move in relation to them

76
Q

How many cranial nerve nuclei are there?

A

4

77
Q

What do the cranial neurones do?

A

control secretory glands in head and two intra-ocular muscles of the eye

78
Q

What do the sacral spinal cord S2, 3 & 4 nerves do?

A

the emptying nerves controlling the large bowels/anus, the bladder and erectile of the genitalia

79
Q

Where does the vagus nerve go?

A

from the head to the thoracic and abdominal cavities

80
Q

What are the vagus nerves?

A

the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system

81
Q

Where is the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

segments T1 - L2

82
Q

How do post-ganglionic axons reach target organs in the SNS?

A

by joining peripheral nerves or by running along arteries that supply the large organs

83
Q

How many possible routes are there for pre-ganglionic axons in the SNS?

A

three

84
Q

What causes the eye to contract?

A

short postganglionic fibres travel to the circular muscles of the iris to cause them to contract

85
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in thermoregulation?

A

reflex increases sympathetic discharge sweat glands, reflex decreases sympathetic discharge to cutaneous blood vessels - vasodilation in skin

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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