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biological sciences year 1 > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need an immune system?

A

defence against pathogens and defence against self (cancer)

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2
Q

How can you be invaded?

A

through respiratory system, digestive system, urogenital tract or a break in the skin

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3
Q

What are the routes of attack?

A

circulatory system and lymph system

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4
Q

Why not live in a sterile environment?

A

you would have an impaired immune system

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5
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

skin, acid, bile mucus

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6
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

innate immune response

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7
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

adaptive immune system

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8
Q

What is the chemical that damaged cells release?

A

histamine

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9
Q

What does histamine do to blood vessels?

A

make them ‘leaky’

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10
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

it is present before any response to pathogens and comprises barriers and chemical defences

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11
Q

What occurs in the third line of defence?

A

antibody generation, specific proteins against specific targets

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12
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

develops after exposure to microbes or toxins. it is the third line of defence

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13
Q

What are the two main sites of development and maturation of immune cells?

A

in the bone marrow - production of Hematopoietic stem cells (HCSs). in thymus - T-lymphocyte maturation

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14
Q

What organs are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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15
Q

What is the main trigger for the immune response?

A

danger signals from damaged cells are the main trigger

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16
Q

What is active immunity?

A

occurs naturally when a pathogen infects the body or can be induced when antigens are introduced into the body via vaccination

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17
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

it is conferred naturally when antibodies cross from mother to foetus across placenta or can be conferred by artificially injecting antibodies into a non-immune individual

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18
Q

What can disrupt the immune system?

A

allergy, autoimmune disease, latency, cancer

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19
Q

What does the B stand for in B-lymphocyte?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

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20
Q

What was the controversy surrounding Matzinger and Mirkwood?

A

In 1978 they (her and her dog) published a paper together in the Journal of Experimental Medicine

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21
Q

What does innate immunity ultimately result in?

A

inflammation

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22
Q

What is the goal of inflammation?

A

bring phagocytes to the injured area to isolate, destroy and inactivate invaders and to also remove debris and prepare subsequent healing

23
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

a blood phagocyte which is involved in oxygen related killing and express toll-like receptors

24
Q

What are macrophages/monocytes?

A

resident phagocyte which lasts for weeks - killing is nitrogen related and they express toll-like receptors and produce cytokines

25
Q

What do macrophages/monocytes do?

A

eat and clear bacteria and dead cells

26
Q

What are the four stages of phagocytosis?

A

attachment, internalisation, degradation, exocytosis

27
Q

What are NK cells?

A

they are lymphocyte-like with no immunological memory - they are very aggressive white blood cells

28
Q

What do NK cells require?

A

cell-cell contact to function

29
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

via release of perforins, pores form in the cell membrane which results in cell lysis

30
Q

What do toll-like receptors recognise?

A

specific structures present on pathogens like peptidoglycan or viral/bacterial genetic material

31
Q

What does recognition by the toll-like receptors result in?

A

a signalling cascade and transcription factor activation. production of proteins required for cell signalling, interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines

32
Q

How do cells in the immune system know where to go and what to do when they get there?

A

soluble communication factors called cytokines and chemokines

33
Q

What can the action of cytokines be?

A

autocrine, paracrine or endocrine

34
Q

What are cytokines produced by?

A

immune cells and connective tissue

35
Q

What does the name cytokine mean?

A

cell movement

36
Q

What the the chemokine receptors?

A

7 TMD and GPCR

37
Q

What does an interferon do?

A

interferes with viral replication, enhances phagocyte activity of macrophages, stimulates production of antibodies, enhances killing power of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, slows cell division and tumour growth

38
Q

What are the three pathways of activation in the complement system?

A

classical, alternative + lectin

39
Q

What do the three pathways of activation in the complement system result in?

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and cell lysis

40
Q

What is the humoral defence?

A

antibodies made by B-lymphocytes which detect bacteria and viruses

41
Q

What are antigens?

A

toxin or diseased cell in body which acts as a flag to alert the adaptive immune system

42
Q

How many receptors are on the surface of a B-lymphocyte?

A

> 10,000

43
Q

What does each B cell have?

A

its own membrane bound receptor

44
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

neutralisation, opsonisation, agglutination + phagocytosis, innate immune cell recruitment, activation of complement system, T-lymphocyte recruitment

45
Q

What happens in active immunity?

A

a dead or modified antigen is introduced, secondary response is harder and faster

46
Q

What happens after a phagocyte has engulfed a pathogen?

A

phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen display part of the organism on proteins called MHCs on their surface - innate and adaptive cells can do this

47
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes made and where do they mature?

A

made in bone marrow, mature in thymus

48
Q

What are the two main classes of T-lymphocytes?

A

CD4 helper cells and CD8 cytotoxic cells

49
Q

What is the function of CD4 helper cells?

A

they activate other cells - they have receptors that identify the MHC2 and peptide, they then become activated and clone to helper and memory T cells and raise the alarm via cytokines which alerts other CD4s and activates CD8s

50
Q

What do T cells also activate?

A

they also ‘finish’ activation of B cells. If a CD4 cell binds to a B cell it releases cytokines and activates B cell leading to antibody production

51
Q

What do CD8 cytotoxic T cells do?

A

roam the body looking for diseased cells - they can bind to MHC1 and peptide - they release enzymes that punch holes in cells (perforin and granzymes) - also triggers apoptosis which kills the cell and pathogen inside

52
Q

What are regulatory T cells?

A

a subset of CD4 cells which release inhibiting cytokines that prevent adaptive immune system from producing too many antibodies or cytotoxic cells that can cause damage to self

53
Q

What are some autoimmune diseases?

A

diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

54
Q

What does HIV/AIDS do to T cells?

A

invades CD4 cells to reduce numbers

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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