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biological sciences year 1 > support and movement > Flashcards

support and movement Flashcards

1
Q

Are hollow or solid tubes more structurally sound?

A

hollow

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2
Q

What structures are involved in basic stem morphology?

A

epidermis, vascular bundle, pith, cortex

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3
Q

What tissue is the pith made of?

A

parenchyma

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4
Q

What are the cell walls of the pith like?

A

thin

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5
Q

What tissue is the cortex made of?

A

collenchyma

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6
Q

What are the walls of the cortex like?

A

primary wall with some thickening in the corners

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7
Q

What is the vascular bundle surrounded by?

A

sclerenchyma

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8
Q

What wall surrounds the vascular bundle?

A

thick secondary cell wall

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the primary root (tap root)?

A

anchorage and stability

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral roots?

A

absorption of water and dissolved minerals

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11
Q

What is the hydrostatic skeleton?

A

capsule of fluid surrounded by two layers of muscle

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12
Q

What are the two layers of muscle in the hydrostatic skeleton?

A

circular and longitudinal

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13
Q

What do the circular muscles do when they contract?

A

elongate and narrow the body

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14
Q

What do the longitudinal muscles do when they contract?

A

shorten and thicken the body

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15
Q

What is an exoskeleton do?

A

hard outer surface is for protection of the soft tissues

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16
Q

What are some features of the exoskeleton?

A

strong and light, mineralisation, thin and flexible at joints

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17
Q

What are limitations of the exoskeleton?

A

can be crushed, does not grow in line with the body

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18
Q

What are the two types of endoskeleton?

A

cartilaginous and bony

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19
Q

What does the bony endoskeleton do?

A

support the weight of large animals on land - rigid support against gravity

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20
Q

What are osteons?

A

cylindrical vascular tubes formed by osteoclast rich tissues

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21
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

provides support, determines the shape of the body, protection of vital organs

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22
Q

What is the skeletal system a mineral store for?

A

calcium and phosphates

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23
Q

What bone marrow does the skeletal system contain?

A

red bone marrow

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24
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

support and stability - limited movement

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25
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

limbs; levels; transmit longitudinal forces

26
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

protective, muscle attachments

27
Q

What are the three parts of a long bone?

A

epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

28
Q

What is in the medullary cavity?

A

adipose tissue

29
Q

What are the two membranes in a long bone?

A

periosteum and endosteum

30
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading

31
Q

What are the two components of the bone matrix?

A

inorganic = 67% and organic = 33%

32
Q

What makes up the inorganic component?

A

hydroxyapatite

33
Q

What makes up the organic component?

A

collagen and other proteins

34
Q

How many bones are there in the body?

A

206

35
Q

What are the two skeletons?

A

axial and appendicular

36
Q

What is part of the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

37
Q

What is part of the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

38
Q

What is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A

limbs

39
Q

What are the types of vertebral columns?

A

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)

40
Q

What are the types of ribs and how many of each?

A

7 true, 5 false (2 floating)

41
Q

What are the types of joint?

A

cartilaginous and synovial

42
Q

What are the three principle functions of skeletal muscle?

A

movement of the body, posture and heat production

43
Q

What is digastric?

A

two muscle bellies connected by a tendon

44
Q

What is 1st class lever system?

A

muscle attachment to bone relative to joint

45
Q

What is most common type of level system?

A

3rd class

46
Q

What are the components of muscles?

A

contractile cells and connective tissues

47
Q

What are the muscle shapes?

A

circular, parallel, pennate, convergent

48
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement

49
Q

What are the two specialised regions for attachment to the muscoskeletal system?

A

myotendinous junction, osteotendinous junction

50
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

change in the length of the muscle

51
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

concentric, eccentric

52
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

muscle gets shorter

53
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

muscle gets longer

54
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

muscle contracts but stays the same length

55
Q

What is the role of the cortex in control of movement?

A

plans voluntary movement

56
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in control of movement?

A

enhances desired movements and inihibits unwanted movements

57
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in control of movement?

A

relays sensory information to cerebral cortex

58
Q

What is the role of the brain stem in control of movement?

A

conveys sensory information to cortex and motor informations to motor neurones

59
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in control of movement?

A

coordinates motor output

60
Q

What happens in the knee jerk reflex?

A

 Stimulate patellar tendon
 Activates stretch receptors or muscle spindles within the extensor muscle
 Activates sensory nerve
 Extensor muscle contracts
 Flexor muscle relaxes

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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