support and movement

Question 1

Are hollow or solid tubes more structurally sound?

Answer 1

hollow

Question 2

What structures are involved in basic stem morphology?

Answer 2

epidermis, vascular bundle, pith, cortex

Question 3

What tissue is the pith made of?

Answer 3

parenchyma

Question 4

What are the cell walls of the pith like?

Answer 4

thin

Question 5

What tissue is the cortex made of?

Answer 5

collenchyma

Question 6

What are the walls of the cortex like?

Answer 6

primary wall with some thickening in the corners

Question 7

What is the vascular bundle surrounded by?

Answer 7

sclerenchyma

Question 8

What wall surrounds the vascular bundle?

Answer 8

thick secondary cell wall

Question 9

What is the purpose of the primary root (tap root)?

Answer 9

anchorage and stability

Question 10

What is the purpose of the lateral roots?

Answer 10

absorption of water and dissolved minerals

Question 11

What is the hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 11

capsule of fluid surrounded by two layers of muscle

Question 12

What are the two layers of muscle in the hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 12

circular and longitudinal

Question 13

What do the circular muscles do when they contract?

Answer 13

elongate and narrow the body

Question 14

What do the longitudinal muscles do when they contract?

Answer 14

shorten and thicken the body

Question 15

What is an exoskeleton do?

Answer 15

hard outer surface is for protection of the soft tissues

Question 16

What are some features of the exoskeleton?

Answer 16

strong and light, mineralisation, thin and flexible at joints

Question 17

What are limitations of the exoskeleton?

Answer 17

can be crushed, does not grow in line with the body

Question 18

What are the two types of endoskeleton?

Answer 18

cartilaginous and bony

Question 19

What does the bony endoskeleton do?

Answer 19

support the weight of large animals on land - rigid support against gravity

Question 20

What are osteons?

Answer 20

cylindrical vascular tubes formed by osteoclast rich tissues

Question 21

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 21

provides support, determines the shape of the body, protection of vital organs

Question 22

What is the skeletal system a mineral store for?

Answer 22

calcium and phosphates

Question 23

What bone marrow does the skeletal system contain?

Answer 23

red bone marrow

Question 24

What is the function of short bones?

Answer 24

support and stability - limited movement

Question 25

What is the function of long bones?

Answer 25

limbs; levels; transmit longitudinal forces

Question 26

What is the function of flat bones?

Answer 26

protective, muscle attachments

Question 27

What are the three parts of a long bone?

Answer 27

epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

Question 28

What is in the medullary cavity?

Answer 28

adipose tissue

Question 29

What are the two membranes in a long bone?

Answer 29

periosteum and endosteum

Question 30

What is Wolff's law?

Answer 30

bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading

Question 31

What are the two components of the bone matrix?

Answer 31

inorganic = 67% and organic = 33%

Question 32

What makes up the inorganic component?

Answer 32

hydroxyapatite

Question 33

What makes up the organic component?

Answer 33

collagen and other proteins

Question 34

How many bones are there in the body?

Answer 34

206

Question 35

What are the two skeletons?

Answer 35

axial and appendicular

Question 36

What is part of the axial skeleton?

Answer 36

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Question 37

What is part of the axial skeleton?

Answer 37

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Question 38

What is part of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 38

limbs

Question 39

What are the types of vertebral columns?

Answer 39

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)

Question 40

What are the types of ribs and how many of each?

Answer 40

7 true, 5 false (2 floating)

Question 41

What are the types of joint?

Answer 41

cartilaginous and synovial

Question 42

What are the three principle functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 42

movement of the body, posture and heat production

Question 43

What is digastric?

Answer 43

two muscle bellies connected by a tendon

Question 44

What is 1st class lever system?

Answer 44

muscle attachment to bone relative to joint

Question 45

What is most common type of level system?

Answer 45

3rd class

Question 46

What are the components of muscles?

Answer 46

contractile cells and connective tissues

Question 47

What are the muscle shapes?

Answer 47

circular, parallel, pennate, convergent

Question 48

What is the function of a tendon?

Answer 48

transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement

Question 49

What are the two specialised regions for attachment to the muscoskeletal system?

Answer 49

myotendinous junction, osteotendinous junction

Question 50

What is isotonic contraction?

Answer 50

change in the length of the muscle

Question 51

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

Answer 51

concentric, eccentric

Question 52

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 52

muscle gets shorter

Question 53

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 53

muscle gets longer

Question 54

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 54

muscle contracts but stays the same length

Question 55

What is the role of the cortex in control of movement?

Answer 55

plans voluntary movement

Question 56

What is the role of the basal ganglia in control of movement?

Answer 56

enhances desired movements and inihibits unwanted movements

Question 57

What is the role of the thalamus in control of movement?

Answer 57

relays sensory information to cerebral cortex

Question 58

What is the role of the brain stem in control of movement?

Answer 58

conveys sensory information to cortex and motor informations to motor neurones

Question 59

What is the role of the cerebellum in control of movement?

Answer 59

coordinates motor output

Question 60

What happens in the knee jerk reflex?

Answer 60

 Stimulate patellar tendon  Activates stretch receptors or muscle spindles within the extensor muscle  Activates sensory nerve  Extensor muscle contracts  Flexor muscle relaxes