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biological sciences year 1 > circulatory systems > Flashcards

circulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of a circulatory system?

A

distribution of nutrients, support for metabolism, distribution of water and electrolytes, transportation of hormones

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2
Q

What re the two types of circulatory system?

A

open and closed

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3
Q

What are features of open systems?

A

fluid is open to body cavities and cells, lower pressure system, less efficient, incomplete system of vessels, haemolymph flows around the body

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4
Q

What system do insects use?

A

open - they have a tracheal system to transport nutrients and CO2

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5
Q

What are features of a close system?

A

complete system of blood vessels, intercellular spaces filled with interstitial fluid, lymph in lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What are requirements of an efficient circulation system?

A

efficient O2 carriers in blood, efficient gas exchange in respiratory system, efficient delivery of nutrients and O2, efficient gas exchange in tissues

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7
Q

What is flow rate equation?

A

flow rate = ΔP/R

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8
Q

What do P and R stand for?

A

P = driving force R = resistance

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9
Q

What is the equation for R?

A

R = 8ηL/πr^4

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10
Q

What is the ΔP and R in a closed system?

A

ΔP is high and R is high

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11
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

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12
Q

What is the cardiac output equation + units?

A

CO (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (L/beat)

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13
Q

What can we use to investigate cardiac function?

A

ultrasound, ECG, MRI, electrode monitoring

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14
Q

How does the heart generate its own rhythm?

A

pacemaker cells set the pace of the heart rate and generate action potentials which are conducted around the rest of the heart

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15
Q

On an ECG what do the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave correspond to?

A

P wave = atrial depolarisation. QRS = ventricular depolarisation. T wave = ventricular repolarisation

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16
Q

What happens in the PR interval?

A

conduction of the AV node

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17
Q

What is heart rate modified by?

A

autonomic nervous system and circulation hormones

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18
Q

What cells make the heart contract?

A

cardiac myocytes

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19
Q

What happens during EC coupling in cardiac myocytes?

A

an action potential occurs and calcium channels open and enter cell. causes more calcium ions to be released into the cardiac muscles so the calcium can bind to myofilaments and allow shortening of muscles to occur

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20
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

systole - contraction and ejection of blood. diastole - relaxation and filling

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21
Q

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial systole (ventricular diastole)
  2. Isovolumic contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole)
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumic relaxation of the ventricles
  5. Passive ventricular refilling
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22
Q

What is Starling’s law?

A

increased ventricular filling causes an increase in the forces of contraction of the ventricular muscle

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23
Q

Where is in the heart?

A

in the chest cavity, behind the sternum. on top of the diaphragm and is between the lungs

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24
Q

Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung?

A

the heart bulges into the left side

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25
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibrous bag around the heart - serous (visceral and parietal) and fibrous

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26
Q

What does the serous pericardium contain?

A

lubricating fluid

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27
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

free movement

28
Q

Which pericardium prevents the heart from over expansion?

A

fibrous pericardium

29
Q

What is the visceral layer attached to?

A

the heart

30
Q

What do the coronary arteries split into?

A

smaller vessels - anastomoses

31
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A

when the coronary arteries become blocked - harvest veins from lower leg and sew them in the aorta and coronary artery

32
Q

What are the heart chambers lined with?

A

the endocardium

33
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

between right atrium and ventricle

34
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

site of a flap-like valve between R and L atria

35
Q

Why was the foramen ovale needed?

A

in the foetus blood O2/CO2 exchange occurred in the placenta. therefore, most blood bypassed the lungs by going through the foramen ovale

36
Q

Where was the ductus arteriosus?

A

between pulmonary trunk and aorta

37
Q

When does the foramen ovale close?

A

closes when baby takes first breath and then seals permanently

38
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

mitral valve

39
Q

What do the chorda tendinae do?

A

prevent valves inverting

40
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

endocardium (lining), myocardium (muscle layer), epicardium (visceral pericardium)

41
Q

What is the structure of the endocardium?

A

appears ridged (trabeculae carnae) - underlying bundes of muscle fibres. made up of endothelium + underlying connective tissues

42
Q

What makes up the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle fibres + connective tissue

43
Q

What are the three types of cell-cell junctions that link the heart muscle cells?

A

adherens junction links the actin cytoskeleton, desmosomes link intermediate filaments, gap junctions link cytosol

44
Q

What are the components of blood vessels?

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

45
Q

What does the endothelium do?

A

allows transfer between vessels and surroundings, keeps blood in system

46
Q

What are the endothelium cells like?

A

thin and flat

47
Q

What is the junctional complex?

A

bridge between cells

48
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

49
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

endothelium + connective tissue

50
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

smooth muscle and connective tissue

51
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

connective tissue

52
Q

What surrounds the tunica media?

A

external elastic lamina

53
Q

What surrounds the tunica intima?

A

internal elastic lamina

54
Q

What is the arrangement of smooth muscle?

A

circular

55
Q

What are vasa vasora?

A

little blood vessels in the walls of large arteries

56
Q

What controls blood flow to capillary beds?

A

terminal arterioles

57
Q

What are the three types of endothelium?

A

continuous (in most capillaries), fenestrated (in endocrine glands - exchanges hormones), discontinuous (found in sinusoids - exchanges whole cells)

58
Q

What does the walls of a vein contain?

A

small tunica media, substantial tunica adventitia

59
Q

What are valves?

A

folds on tunica intima for one way flow

60
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

difference between pressure in the system and the ambient pressure (surrounding air, gas or liquid)

61
Q

What are two components of blood or haemolymph pressure?

A

dynamic pressure produced by the pump, hydrostatic pressure of the fluid

62
Q

What do changes in smooth muscle tone lead to?

A

vasoconstriction (higher resistance) and vasodilation (lower resistance)

63
Q

What can smooth muscle tone be altered by extrinsically?

A

neurotransmitters, hormones

64
Q

What can smooth muscle be altered by intrinsically?

A

endothelium-derived substances, metabolites, other locally-produced factors

65
Q

What is total fluid energy?

A

potential energy acquired from the beating of the heart, kinetic energy of the fluid itself, potential energy of the fluid that it possesses because of its position in the gravitational field

66
Q

What is the effect of gravity above the heart?

A

arteriole pressure increases with height

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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