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biological sciences year 1 > eukaryotes and prokaryotes > Flashcards

eukaryotes and prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Why is bacteria so successful?

A

division by asexual reproduction

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2
Q

What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

A

plants have a cell wall, plants have a large central vacuole and plants have chloroplasts

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3
Q

What membranes does the nucleus have?

A

an inner and outer one - each is a phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

How big are nuclear pores?

A

diameter = 120 nm

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5
Q

What is the cutoff weight to enter/exit a nuclear pore?

A

30,000 dalton - diameter = 9 nm

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6
Q

What do proteins contain that can be transported from the cytoplasm into the nucleus?

A

a nuclear localised signal (NLS) - a specific amino acid sequence

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7
Q

What is the NLS recognised by?

A

receptor proteins called Importin - importin binds NLS containing proteins and regulates transport through nuclear pore

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8
Q

What do the proteins contain that bind to RNA which is transported from the nucleus to cytosol?

A

Nuclear export signal (NES)

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9
Q

What is NES signal recognised by?

A

receptor protein exportin

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10
Q

What does the nuclear matrix maintain?

A

the shape of the nucleus

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11
Q

What is the nuclear matrix comprised of?

A

insoluble fibrous network of proteins

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus the site of?

A

rRNA production - responsible for synthesising and assembling RNA and protein to form ribosomes

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13
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum made of?

A

interconnected cisternae and tubular membranes

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14
Q

What is the role of the rough ER?

A

it is heavily decorated with ribosomes in order to make secretory proteins

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15
Q

What is the role of the smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis, calcium storage (stored calcium is released in response to extracellular signalling to allow muscle contraction), drug detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism (breakdown of stored glycogen), steroid biosynthesis (adrenal glands, testes, ovaries)

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16
Q

What is the role of transitional ER?

A

lipid and protein transport - the exit site of proteins leaving the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

What is the Golgi?

A

stack of flattened membranes

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18
Q

What are the primary functions of the Golgi?

A

proteins processing and organisation into further transport. major sorting compartment for protein traffic within the cell, along the secretory and endocytic pathway

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19
Q

What does the trans cisternae of Golgi do?

A

sorts and sends proteins out

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20
Q

What does the cis cisternae of the Golgi do?

A

receives proteins from the ER

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21
Q

What is the vesicular transport method?

A

proteins move between cisternae, resident enzymes stay in the same cisternae

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22
Q

What is the cisternal maturation theory?

A

proteins stay in the same cisternae, resident enzymes are moved between cisternae

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23
Q

What are the different pathways for transport vesicles?

A

consecutive secretory pathway, regulated secretory pathway, lysosomal secretory pathway

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24
Q

What is the role of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?

A

permeability barrier to most solutes, partitions the mitochondria into two components

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25
Q

What is the role of the intermembranal space in the mitochondria?

A

specific proteins can be targeted in this space

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26
Q

What is the role of the cristae in the mitochondria?

A

used to greatly increase the surface area

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27
Q

What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain?

A

enzymes, DNA and ribosomes. mitochondrial DNA encodes rRNA, tRNA and inner membrane proteins

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28
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins and antigens

29
Q

What are exosomes?

A

messenger particles that release naturally from a cel. these particles are responsible for cell-to-cell communication. exosomes carry genetic information and proteins to cells throughout your body

30
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

storage for enzymes used to break up cellular components. they are capable of breaking down almost any biological molecule

31
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

at least 50 different hydrolytic enzymes

32
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

small membrane bound organelles which contain enzymes involved in metabolic reaction. they assist lysosomes in cell’s cleanup work. they breakdown fatty acid/lipid components of membranes

33
Q

What do peroxisomes generate?

A

They generate and degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

34
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

microtubules, actin, centrosomes, filaments/actin

35
Q

What is the function of microtubules and actin?

A

framework for cell shape, size and structure. forms the basis of the transport system in a cell

36
Q

What do centrosomes do?

A

they nucleate the microtubules of the cytoskeleton

37
Q

What is the role of filaments/actin?

A

influence locomotion and movement

38
Q

What can prokaryotes do in agriculture?

A

nitrogen fixation - in legumes bacteria form root nodules

39
Q

What is the size of bacteria?

A

vary from 2 micrometres to more than 50 micrometres

40
Q

What do bacterial cell membranes consist of?

A

saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and do not normally contain sterols

41
Q

What are some features of bacterial cell membranes?

A

bacterial membranes are fluid and dynamic - lipids move, flip and can be modified

42
Q

In prokaryotes, what are some of the proteins within the cell membrane?

A

transmembrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins

43
Q

What is in the archaeal membrane?

A

hydrophobic side chains are composed of isoprene. composed of branched hydrocarbon chains. attached to glycerol by ether linkages. glycerol is chiral

43
Q

What is in the archaeal membrane?

A

hydrophobic side chains are composed of isoprene. composed of branched hydrocarbon chains. attached to glycerol by ether linkages. glycerol is chiral

44
Q

What are the roles of the prokaryote cell membrane?

A

permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy production and conservation

45
Q

What do aquaporins do?

A

selective control of substance across membranes. barrier to influx/efflux of water

46
Q

What is the role of the protein anchor?

A

orientation, concentration, association, recycling, recognition

47
Q

What is simple transport driven by?

A

the energy in the proton motive force

48
Q

What is group translocation driven by?

A

chemical modification of the transported substance is driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

49
Q

What is involved in the ABC system?

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

50
Q

What do bacterial cell walls contain?

A

a high concentration of dissolved solutes which causes turgor pressure to develop

51
Q

What can be seen using Gram staining?

A

Gram positive bacteria retain a crystal violet stain and so look purple, gram negative do not retain the . this is due to the structures of their cell walls

52
Q

What does the Gram-positive cell wall contain?

A

peptidoglycan and a membrane

53
Q

What does the Gram-negative cell wall contain?

A

an outer-membrane (lipopolysaccharide and protein), peptidoglycan and a membrane. the cell wall is in-between two membranes - periplasm in the middle between the membranes

54
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan?

A

composed of repeating units of two sugar derivatives, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid and a small number of amino acids

55
Q

How does cross linkage occur in the Gram bacterial cell walls?

A

linkage occurs by peptide linkage of the amino group diaminopimelic acid (DAP) to the carboxylic group of the terminal D-alanine

56
Q

What is an unusual feature in Gram bacteria?

A

the presence of two amino acids that have the D configuration - D-alanine and D-glutamic acid

57
Q

What is embedded in the Gram positive cell wall?

A

Teichoic acids embedded in the cell wall - they are negatively charged and can bind Ca2+ and Mg2+

58
Q

What is the structure of lipopolysaccharide?

A

core polysaccharide and an O-polysaccharide. lipid portion is called lipid A

59
Q

What is the archaeal cell wall made of?

A

pseudopeptidoglycan - has alternating repeats of NAG and NAT

60
Q

What are secretory systems?

A

complicated multi-protein structures that are embedded in the membrane, and act as either movement, recognition, or secretory structures

61
Q

What are fimbriae used for?

A

movement and attachment

62
Q

What are pili used for?

A

a plius is used to transfer genetic information (in the form of a plasmid) between two bacterial cells

63
Q

What does the positioning of the flagella determine?

A

how the bacterium moves, how fast and how much energy is required

64
Q

what is the shape of flagella?

A

helical

65
Q

What is the structure of the flagella?

A

series of rings embed flagellum base in the membrane. Fli proteins cause rotation of the flagellum. Mot protein uses electrostatic charge changes to drive rotation of the ring structure

66
Q

What is the most common cell wall type in archaea?

A

paracrystalline surface layer (S-layer) - consists of protein or glycoprotein and generally has a hexagonal symmetry

67
Q

What are cell inclusions?

A

energy reserves of storage or structural substances - enclosed by a thin lipid membrane. may contain storage carbohydrates

68
Q

What can gas vesicles do?

A

act as buoyancy aids - found in bacteria, cyanobacteria and some archaea. may be spherical or spindle shaped

biological sciences year 1 (16 decks)

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