diversity

Question 1

How much must food production increase to meet demands of a growing population?

Answer 1

60-110%

Question 2

Why is food lost post-harvest?

Answer 2

poor storage conditions, pests and diseases, household food waste, shelf life + cosmetic appearance

Question 3

What is the percentage of species on UK farmland under threat from agricultural practices in 2000?

Answer 3

67%

Question 4

What is micropropagation?

Answer 4

a method of plant propagation using extremely small pieces of plant tissue taken from a carefully chosen mother plant and growing these under laboratory conditions to produce a new plant

Question 5

What are gymnosperms?

Answer 5

plants with seeds but no flowers

Question 6

What are angiosperms?

Answer 6

flowering plants

Question 7

What are all major crops?

Answer 7

monocots

Question 8

What is chitin formed form?

Answer 8

N-acetylglucosamine units

Question 9

What is ergosterol?

Answer 9

specific molecules in the cell membranes of fungi - precursor for vitamin D2

Question 10

What does the mycelium consist of?

Answer 10

an interconnecting series of tubes with rigid walls containing cytoplasm - termed hyphae

Question 11

What is the role of hyphae?

Answer 11

they achieve vegetative spread and absorption of nutrients

Question 12

What can hyphae do?

Answer 12

absorb small molecule directly - large molecules must be broken down first by secreting molecular enzymes

Question 13

What is the shape of hyphae?

Answer 13

long and thin - large SA:V

Question 14

Why do hyphae usually grow away from each other?

Answer 14

presumably to optimise the area explored for capture of nutrients

Question 15

What compounds can fungi use?

Answer 15

all organic compounds made by plants and animals

Question 16

What is saprotrophy?

Answer 16

using dead plants and animals

Question 17

What is the role of saprotrophs?

Answer 17

nutrient cycling, nutrient translocation, humus formation, soil structure and stability

Question 18

What causes brown rot and white rot?

Answer 18

mainly basidiomycetes

Question 19

What causes soft rot and stain?

Answer 19

mainly ascomycetes

Question 20

What simple compounds are used in brown rot?

Answer 20

cellulose and hemicellulose but no lignin

Question 21

What compounds does white rot use?

Answer 21

all compounds including lignin

Question 22

What can white rot do?

Answer 22

completely decompose wood to CO2 and H2O

Question 23

What compounds does soft rot use?

Answer 23

cellulose and hemicellulose - lignin removal is absent or slow and incomplete

Question 24

How do necrotrophs kills?

Answer 24

by enzymes

Question 25

What does biotrophy do?

Answer 25

abstracts nutrients, harms the plant but the host lives

Question 26

What is biotrophy mutualism with lichens?

Answer 26

intimate relationship between a photobiont and a mycobiont. useful for monitoring pollution

Question 27

What is biotrophy mutualism with mycorrhizas?

Answer 27

an intimate associate between the roots of most plants. plants depend on fungi forming partnerships with roots

Question 28

Who is Carolus Linneaus?

Answer 28

the father of classification. he put things into three groups: animal, plant, minerals

Question 29

What did John Hogg and Ernst Haeckel do?

Answer 29

added protists and removed minerals

Question 30

What did Robert Whittaker do?

Answer 30

he made the groups bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals

Question 31

What did Carl Woese do?

Answer 31

make the three domains: bacteria, archaea and eukarya

Question 32

What are features of an animal?

Answer 32

multicellular, large, heterotrophic, motile, epithelial cells, polarisation along anterior-posterior locomotory axis, Ach/cholinesterase system, monophyletic clade

Question 33

How many monophyletic phyla are there?

Answer 33

33

Question 34

What are features of Porifera (sponges)?

Answer 34

no true organs, no specialised cell layers, spicules (hard body elements), choanocytes (specialised feeding cells)

Question 35

What are features of Placozoans?

Answer 35

no mouth, no gut, diploblastic, can move

Question 36

What are features of Ctenophores?

Answer 36

radial symmetry, diploblastic (have ectoderm and endoderm), complete gut, 8 ctenes

Question 37

What are Cnidarians?

Answer 37

jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals

Question 38

What are bilaterians?

Answer 38

triploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

Question 39

What are features of Platyhelminths?

Answer 39

mostly gut endoparasites, must be free living or parasitic, structurally diverse

Question 40

What are the features of Annelids?

Answer 40

segmented worm-like body, separate ganglia for each segment, thin permeable body

Question 41

What are the features of Molluscs?

Answer 41

large foot, main organs in visceral mass, mantle covers visceral mass

Question 42

What are features of nematodes?

Answer 42

thick, multi-layered cuticles, un-segmented

Question 43

What are features of arthropods?

Answer 43

segmented bodies, exoskeleton, muscles on inside, jointed and specialised appendages