Tissues Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What does epithelial tissue provide?
A
protective covering of surfaces inside and outside the body
2
Q
Why is it helpful that blood vessels cannot penetrate epithelial tissue?
A
means that the cells can be sloughed off when they are dead
3
Q
What is the outer layer of skin called?
A
epidermis
4
Q
What does the function of epithelial tissue depend on?
A
the location and type of tissue
5
Q
Name some functions of epithelial tissue?
A
protection, barrier, passage of substances, secretion, absorption
6
Q
What are the two basic types of epithelial tissue?
A
simple and stratified
7
Q
What are the 3 varieties of simple epithelial cells?
A
cuboidal, squamous, columnar
8
Q
Where do stratified epithelial cells tend to be used?
A
where abrasion occurs
9
Q
What are glands mainly formed of?
A
epithelium
10
Q
Where do glands develop from?
A
the folding of the epithelium of the embryo
11
Q
What do exocrine glands do?
A
secrete things
12
Q
What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?
A
unicellular, simple and compound
13
Q
What don’t endocrine glands have?
A
ducts
14
Q
What are the 3 ways exocrine glands excrete their products?
A
merocrine, apocrine and holocrine
15
Q
How do merocrine glands secrete their products?
A
exocytosis
16
Q
How do apocrine glands secrete their products?
A
upper portion of the cell is shed
17
Q
How do holocrine glands secrete their products?
A
the whole cell is lost/bursts
18
Q
What are the 2 layers of epidermis?
A
dermis and epidermis
19
Q
How is the epidermis nourished as it is avascular?
A
by the dermis through diffusion
20
Q
Wht happens to the level of keretinisation as you move up the layers of the epidermis?
A
it increases
21
Q
Give examples of highly keratinised cells
A
nails, claws, horns, hooves
22
Q
What are the 3 shapes of simple epithelial tissue?
A
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
23
Q
What is the function of single layer squamous cells?
A
diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction
24
Q
Give an example of where single layer squamous cells are used
A
lining of blood vessels and heart
25
What is the function of single layer cuboidal cells?
active transport and facilitated diffusion
26
give an example of where single layer cuboidal cells are used
kidney tubules and glands
27
what is the function of single layer columnar cells?
secretion and absorption
28
give an example of where single layer columnar cells are used
stomach, intestines
29
What are the 2 types of stratified epithelial tissue?
squamous - keratinised, squamous - non keratinised (cuboidal and columnar)
30
what is the function of stratified squamous cells?
protection from abrasion
31
give an example of where keratinised stratified squamous cells would be found
skin
32
give an example of where non-keratinised stratified squamous cells would be found
mouth, oesophegus, anus, vagina
33
What is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
columnar cells with cilia at the surface
34
What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?
secrete mucus and move mucus that contains foreign particles
35
give an example of where you might find pseudostratified epithelium?
lining of nasal cavities, sinus, trachea, bronchi, pharynx
36
What is transitional epithelium?
moves from cuboid to columnar, becomes squamous-like when stretched
37
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
allows for volume fluctuation, protection
38
Where would you find transitional epithelium?
the bladder
39
What are the 7 functions of connective tissue?
transporting, connecting tissues, supporting and moving, separating, protecting, enclosing, cushioning and insulating
40
Where does connective tissue arise from in the embryo?
mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue
41
What is the correct name of the embryonic connective tissue?
mesenchyme (mesoderm and neural chrest)
42
```
What do these prefixes mean?
chondro
fibro
osteo
adipo
```
cartilage, fibrous, bone, fat
43
What do these suffixes mean?
blast
cyte
clast
germ/origin, cell, destroy
44
Describe the appearance of loose/areolar tissue
loose packing material, apears 'lacey'
45
What is the function of loose/areolar tissue in the skin?
attaches skin to underlying tissues
46
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
regular and irregular
47
What two subsections can regular and irregular dense connective tissue be divided into?
elastic and collagenous
48
What is dense regular elastic tissue used for?
ligaments of vertebra and vocal chords
49
Why does dense regular elastic tissue have its particular function?
it is able to stretch and recoil
50
What is dense regular collagenous tissue used for?
ligaments and tendons
51
Why does dense regular collagenous tissue have its particular function?
withstands pulling forces
52
What is dense irregular elastic tissue used for?
aorta
53
Why does dense irregular elastic tissue have its particular function?
stretch and recoil in many directions
54
What is dense irregular collagenous tissue used for?
dermis of skin
55
Why does dense irregular collagenous tissue have its particular function?
strength in many directions
56
What is reticular connective tissue found in?
lymph nodes
57
What is andipose connective tissue found in?
fat
58
What is the extracellular matrix like in andipose connective tissue?
there is very little extracellular matrix
59
What is andipose tissue used for?
packing, insulation and energy storage
60
What texture of connective tissue is bone?
hard
61
What are the two types of bone tissue?
cortical or compact (tough outer shell) and trebecular (woven or spongy)
62
What does trebecular bone tissue provide?
support without weight
63
What is cartilage made up of?
chondrocytes in lacune with a rigid matrix
64
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
65
What is hyaline cartilage made up of and what does it do?
collagen fibres and proteoglycans
| resists compressive forces
66
What is fibrocartilage made up of and where is it found?
more collagen than proteoglycans
| intravertebral disks
67
What is elastic cartilage made up of and where is it found?
elastic fibres, collagen and proteoglycans
| outer ear and epiglottis
68
What makes blood unusual as a connective tissue?
cell matrix is liquid
69
Where is blood and haematopoietic tissue found?
bone marrow in bone cavities
70
What are red marrow and yellow marrow made of and where are these located in the bone?
red: haematopoietic, ends of long bones
yellow: adipose, shafts of long bones
71
What do red and yellow marrow make?
red: red and white blood cells
yellow: replaces red as we grow
72
What type of connective tissue is muscle?
specialised
73
What are the 4 qualities of muscle?
contractibility, extensibility, elasticity and excitability
74
What are the three types of muscle?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
75
Where is nervous tissue found?
the brain, spinal chord and nerves
76
What is a nerve cell called?
a neuron
77
When does inflammation occur?
when tissue is damaged or there is an immune response
78
How does inflammation present depending on cause of injury and type of tissue injured?
presents the same
79
Why does skin heal quickly?
because there is good blood supply
80
What does an immune response trigger the release of ?
inflammatory mediators
81
give 2 examples of inflammatory mediators
prostaglandin, histamine
82
What are the 3 key effects of inflammatory mediators?
dilation of blood vessels, pain receptor stimulation, increased blood vessel permeability
83
What does the dilation of blood cells do?
brings WBC and agents of tissue repair/infection fighting to the sight of the injury
84
What does increased blood vessel permeability allow?
WBC and clotting factors to reach the site
85
What is another effect of increasing the permeability of blood vessels aside from allowing cells to reach the site?
allows protein to leak out into tissues changing osmotic gradient between blood and tissue. This draws water along osmotic gradient into tissues causing them to swell
86
What is swelling of tissues due to increased water known as?
oedema
87
What can bruising also be known as?
contusion or haematoma
88
What causes bruising?
trauma results in capillaries bursting, releasing blood into tissues
89
What is the outwards appearence of bruising?
skin discolouration
90
How can bruises be treated?
cold therapy
91
What are the 4 basic stages of bone healing?
haematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, bone remodelling
92
What is a haematoma?
collection of blood outside blood vessels
93
Where does the callus form?
internally between ends of bones and externally as a collar around the break
94
What happens during callus ossification?
woven spongy bone replaces internal and external calluses
95
What happens during bone remodelling?
compact bone replaces woven bone and part of internal callus is removed. Restores medullary cavity
96
What do osteoclasts do?
break down dead bone
97
what do fibroblasts do?
produce collagen
98
what do chondroblasts do
cartilage precursor
99
What do osteoblasts do?
produce new bone
100
What is a healthy ligament made up of?
dense regular elastic/collegenous tissue
101
What happens during ligament injury?
load increases across the joint so more ligament fires are recruited and slack is removed until ligament tears
102
What happens in the acute phase of ligament injury?
blood collects, clot formation,platelets. Immune cells ingest and remove debris. proliferactive or regenerative phase. Immune cells release growth factors and cytokines to rebuild ligament tissue matrix
103
How does the tissue remodeling phase of ligament injury present?
initially appears as disorganised scar tissue with more blood vessels, fat cells, fibroblastic and inflammatory cells than normal ligament tissue
104
Describe normal ligament tissue
bimodal (large), callagen fibrils, cell matrix turnover is low, collagen alligned, collagen densely packed, high matrix to cell ratio, low cell density, mature collagen cross links, primarily collagen type 1, primarily small protoglycans, rare cell division
105
Describe scarred ligament tissue
smaller collagen fibrils, cell matrix turnover is high, collagen disorganised, flaws between fibres, lower matrix to cell ratio, higher cell density, immature collagen cross links, more collagen 3, larger protoglycans, more cell division
106
What are the 4 stages of wound healing?
inflammation, debridement, repair, maturation
107
Can more than one stage of wound healing happen at the same time?
yes
108
When does inflammation occur and what happens during that time?
immediatly after injury
| clot forms
109
When does debridement occur and what happens during that time?
approximately 6 hours post trauma, part of the inflammation phase
WBC arrive
110
When does wound repair occur and what happens during that time?
3-5 days post trauma
| granulation tissue forms, wound strength increases
111
When does maturation occur and what happens during that time?
approximately 3 weeks post injury
| remodelling of scar which may take weeks or years to complete
112
What parts of the body heal quickest?
dermis and epidermis
113
What parts of the body heal slowest?
ligaments and tendons
114
Why do dermis and epidermis heal so much faster than ligaments and tendons?
are more vascular so receive necessary proteins/WBC quicker
115
When does contraction occur?
1 week after wounding
116
What do fibroblasts need to differentiate into in order for contraction to begin?
myofibroblasts
117
When does contraction peak in large wounds?
5-15 days
118
How long can contraction last?
several weeks
119
How much smaller can the wound become after contraction?
40-80% smaller
120
What are teratomas?
tumors deriving from more than one embryological germ cell layer
121
What are the most common germ cell layers for teratomas to derive from?
ectoderm and mesoderm
122
What is the most common type of ovarian germ cell tumor?
mature teratoma
123
What are teratomas most often in humans
congenital
124
Where are teratomas often found in animals?
ovaries of a variety of species
