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X Anatomy 1A > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What does epithelial tissue provide?

A

protective covering of surfaces inside and outside the body

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2
Q

Why is it helpful that blood vessels cannot penetrate epithelial tissue?

A

means that the cells can be sloughed off when they are dead

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of skin called?

A

epidermis

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4
Q

What does the function of epithelial tissue depend on?

A

the location and type of tissue

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5
Q

Name some functions of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, barrier, passage of substances, secretion, absorption

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6
Q

What are the two basic types of epithelial tissue?

A

simple and stratified

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7
Q

What are the 3 varieties of simple epithelial cells?

A

cuboidal, squamous, columnar

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8
Q

Where do stratified epithelial cells tend to be used?

A

where abrasion occurs

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9
Q

What are glands mainly formed of?

A

epithelium

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10
Q

Where do glands develop from?

A

the folding of the epithelium of the embryo

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11
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

secrete things

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

A

unicellular, simple and compound

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13
Q

What don’t endocrine glands have?

A

ducts

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways exocrine glands excrete their products?

A

merocrine, apocrine and holocrine

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15
Q

How do merocrine glands secrete their products?

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

How do apocrine glands secrete their products?

A

upper portion of the cell is shed

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17
Q

How do holocrine glands secrete their products?

A

the whole cell is lost/bursts

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18
Q

What are the 2 layers of epidermis?

A

dermis and epidermis

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19
Q

How is the epidermis nourished as it is avascular?

A

by the dermis through diffusion

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20
Q

Wht happens to the level of keretinisation as you move up the layers of the epidermis?

A

it increases

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21
Q

Give examples of highly keratinised cells

A

nails, claws, horns, hooves

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22
Q

What are the 3 shapes of simple epithelial tissue?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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23
Q

What is the function of single layer squamous cells?

A

diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction

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24
Q

Give an example of where single layer squamous cells are used

A

lining of blood vessels and heart

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25
Q

What is the function of single layer cuboidal cells?

A

active transport and facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

give an example of where single layer cuboidal cells are used

A

kidney tubules and glands

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27
Q

what is the function of single layer columnar cells?

A

secretion and absorption

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28
Q

give an example of where single layer columnar cells are used

A

stomach, intestines

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

squamous - keratinised, squamous - non keratinised (cuboidal and columnar)

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30
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous cells?

A

protection from abrasion

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31
Q

give an example of where keratinised stratified squamous cells would be found

A

skin

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32
Q

give an example of where non-keratinised stratified squamous cells would be found

A

mouth, oesophegus, anus, vagina

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33
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

A

columnar cells with cilia at the surface

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34
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

secrete mucus and move mucus that contains foreign particles

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35
Q

give an example of where you might find pseudostratified epithelium?

A

lining of nasal cavities, sinus, trachea, bronchi, pharynx

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36
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

moves from cuboid to columnar, becomes squamous-like when stretched

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37
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

allows for volume fluctuation, protection

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38
Q

Where would you find transitional epithelium?

A

the bladder

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39
Q

What are the 7 functions of connective tissue?

A

transporting, connecting tissues, supporting and moving, separating, protecting, enclosing, cushioning and insulating

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40
Q

Where does connective tissue arise from in the embryo?

A

mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue

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41
Q

What is the correct name of the embryonic connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme (mesoderm and neural chrest)

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42
Q 
What do these prefixes mean?
chondro
fibro
osteo
adipo
A

cartilage, fibrous, bone, fat

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43
Q

What do these suffixes mean?
blast
cyte
clast

A

germ/origin, cell, destroy

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44
Q

Describe the appearance of loose/areolar tissue

A

loose packing material, apears ‘lacey’

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45
Q

What is the function of loose/areolar tissue in the skin?

A

attaches skin to underlying tissues

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46
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular and irregular

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47
Q

What two subsections can regular and irregular dense connective tissue be divided into?

A

elastic and collagenous

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48
Q

What is dense regular elastic tissue used for?

A

ligaments of vertebra and vocal chords

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49
Q

Why does dense regular elastic tissue have its particular function?

A

it is able to stretch and recoil

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50
Q

What is dense regular collagenous tissue used for?

A

ligaments and tendons

51
Q

Why does dense regular collagenous tissue have its particular function?

A

withstands pulling forces

52
Q

What is dense irregular elastic tissue used for?

A

aorta

53
Q

Why does dense irregular elastic tissue have its particular function?

A

stretch and recoil in many directions

54
Q

What is dense irregular collagenous tissue used for?

A

dermis of skin

55
Q

Why does dense irregular collagenous tissue have its particular function?

A

strength in many directions

56
Q

What is reticular connective tissue found in?

A

lymph nodes

57
Q

What is andipose connective tissue found in?

A

fat

58
Q

What is the extracellular matrix like in andipose connective tissue?

A

there is very little extracellular matrix

59
Q

What is andipose tissue used for?

A

packing, insulation and energy storage

60
Q

What texture of connective tissue is bone?

A

hard

61
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

cortical or compact (tough outer shell) and trebecular (woven or spongy)

62
Q

What does trebecular bone tissue provide?

A

support without weight

63
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

chondrocytes in lacune with a rigid matrix

64
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

65
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made up of and what does it do?

A

collagen fibres and proteoglycans

resists compressive forces

66
Q

What is fibrocartilage made up of and where is it found?

A

more collagen than proteoglycans

intravertebral disks

67
Q

What is elastic cartilage made up of and where is it found?

A

elastic fibres, collagen and proteoglycans

outer ear and epiglottis

68
Q

What makes blood unusual as a connective tissue?

A

cell matrix is liquid

69
Q

Where is blood and haematopoietic tissue found?

A

bone marrow in bone cavities

70
Q

What are red marrow and yellow marrow made of and where are these located in the bone?

A

red: haematopoietic, ends of long bones
yellow: adipose, shafts of long bones

71
Q

What do red and yellow marrow make?

A

red: red and white blood cells
yellow: replaces red as we grow

72
Q

What type of connective tissue is muscle?

A

specialised

73
Q

What are the 4 qualities of muscle?

A

contractibility, extensibility, elasticity and excitability

74
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

75
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

the brain, spinal chord and nerves

76
Q

What is a nerve cell called?

A

a neuron

77
Q

When does inflammation occur?

A

when tissue is damaged or there is an immune response

78
Q

How does inflammation present depending on cause of injury and type of tissue injured?

A

presents the same

79
Q

Why does skin heal quickly?

A

because there is good blood supply

80
Q

What does an immune response trigger the release of ?

A

inflammatory mediators

81
Q

give 2 examples of inflammatory mediators

A

prostaglandin, histamine

82
Q

What are the 3 key effects of inflammatory mediators?

A

dilation of blood vessels, pain receptor stimulation, increased blood vessel permeability

83
Q

What does the dilation of blood cells do?

A

brings WBC and agents of tissue repair/infection fighting to the sight of the injury

84
Q

What does increased blood vessel permeability allow?

A

WBC and clotting factors to reach the site

85
Q

What is another effect of increasing the permeability of blood vessels aside from allowing cells to reach the site?

A

allows protein to leak out into tissues changing osmotic gradient between blood and tissue. This draws water along osmotic gradient into tissues causing them to swell

86
Q

What is swelling of tissues due to increased water known as?

A

oedema

87
Q

What can bruising also be known as?

A

contusion or haematoma

88
Q

What causes bruising?

A

trauma results in capillaries bursting, releasing blood into tissues

89
Q

What is the outwards appearence of bruising?

A

skin discolouration

90
Q

How can bruises be treated?

A

cold therapy

91
Q

What are the 4 basic stages of bone healing?

A

haematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, bone remodelling

92
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

collection of blood outside blood vessels

93
Q

Where does the callus form?

A

internally between ends of bones and externally as a collar around the break

94
Q

What happens during callus ossification?

A

woven spongy bone replaces internal and external calluses

95
Q

What happens during bone remodelling?

A

compact bone replaces woven bone and part of internal callus is removed. Restores medullary cavity

96
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

break down dead bone

97
Q

what do fibroblasts do?

A

produce collagen

98
Q

what do chondroblasts do

A

cartilage precursor

99
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

produce new bone

100
Q

What is a healthy ligament made up of?

A

dense regular elastic/collegenous tissue

101
Q

What happens during ligament injury?

A

load increases across the joint so more ligament fires are recruited and slack is removed until ligament tears

102
Q

What happens in the acute phase of ligament injury?

A

blood collects, clot formation,platelets. Immune cells ingest and remove debris. proliferactive or regenerative phase. Immune cells release growth factors and cytokines to rebuild ligament tissue matrix

103
Q

How does the tissue remodeling phase of ligament injury present?

A

initially appears as disorganised scar tissue with more blood vessels, fat cells, fibroblastic and inflammatory cells than normal ligament tissue

104
Q

Describe normal ligament tissue

A

bimodal (large), callagen fibrils, cell matrix turnover is low, collagen alligned, collagen densely packed, high matrix to cell ratio, low cell density, mature collagen cross links, primarily collagen type 1, primarily small protoglycans, rare cell division

105
Q

Describe scarred ligament tissue

A

smaller collagen fibrils, cell matrix turnover is high, collagen disorganised, flaws between fibres, lower matrix to cell ratio, higher cell density, immature collagen cross links, more collagen 3, larger protoglycans, more cell division

106
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

A

inflammation, debridement, repair, maturation

107
Q

Can more than one stage of wound healing happen at the same time?

A

yes

108
Q

When does inflammation occur and what happens during that time?

A

immediatly after injury

clot forms

109
Q

When does debridement occur and what happens during that time?

A

approximately 6 hours post trauma, part of the inflammation phase
WBC arrive

110
Q

When does wound repair occur and what happens during that time?

A

3-5 days post trauma

granulation tissue forms, wound strength increases

111
Q

When does maturation occur and what happens during that time?

A

approximately 3 weeks post injury

remodelling of scar which may take weeks or years to complete

112
Q

What parts of the body heal quickest?

A

dermis and epidermis

113
Q

What parts of the body heal slowest?

A

ligaments and tendons

114
Q

Why do dermis and epidermis heal so much faster than ligaments and tendons?

A

are more vascular so receive necessary proteins/WBC quicker

115
Q

When does contraction occur?

A

1 week after wounding

116
Q

What do fibroblasts need to differentiate into in order for contraction to begin?

A

myofibroblasts

117
Q

When does contraction peak in large wounds?

A

5-15 days

118
Q

How long can contraction last?

A

several weeks

119
Q

How much smaller can the wound become after contraction?

A

40-80% smaller

120
Q

What are teratomas?

A

tumors deriving from more than one embryological germ cell layer

121
Q

What are the most common germ cell layers for teratomas to derive from?

A

ectoderm and mesoderm

122
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian germ cell tumor?

A

mature teratoma

123
Q

What are teratomas most often in humans

A

congenital

124
Q

Where are teratomas often found in animals?

A

ovaries of a variety of species

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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