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X Anatomy 1A > Embryological Origins > Flashcards

Embryological Origins Flashcards

1
Q

What process of cellular division creates gametes?

A

meiosis

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2
Q

What are the names of mammalian gametes?

A

sperm and egg

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3
Q

What sort of cells are gametes?

A

haploid

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4
Q

During fertilisation what type of cell is created?

A

diploid cell

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5
Q

When is sex determined?

A

when the first diploid cell is formed and the chromosomes are released into the ovum

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6
Q

What is the first diploid cell known as?

A

zygote

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7
Q

on what day does the first cell division happen in humans?

A

day 1/2 in humans

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8
Q

what sort of cell division is occuring once the zygote is formed?

A

mitosis

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9
Q

What happens to the size of the cells as mitosis continues in the zygote?

A

cells become smaller

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10
Q

What is they zygote then known as?

A

morula

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11
Q

What is the name of the edge of the uterus where the morula fuses?

A

isthmus

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12
Q

What is the zona pellucinda?

A

outer shell of the morula

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13
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

cells that can become anything during differentiation

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14
Q

What might totipotent cells be used for?

A

the embryo or the placenta

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15
Q

What are pluiripotent cells?

A

cells that have differentiated but may form any tissue in the embryo

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16
Q

What do the inner and outer cells of the morula become?

A

inner cells become embryoblast and the outer cells become trophoblast

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17
Q

What will the trophoblast and embryoblast go on to become?

A

embryoblast-embryo and trophoblast-placenta

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18
Q

What are the two types of differentiation found in stem cells?

A

undifferentiated or partially differentiated

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19
Q

What type of cells are the most versitile as stem cells?

A

totipotent zygote cells

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20
Q

What happens during implntation?

A

blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall

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21
Q

What happens in species which carry litters?

A

the blastocysts spread evenly along uterine horns

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22
Q

What two areas are created during embryoblast differentiation?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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23
Q

What does the epiblast contain?

A

amniotic cavity

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24
Q

what does the hypoblast contain?

A

yolk sac

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25
Q

what is a key feature of the outer layer of the trophoblast?

A

non antigenic

26
Q

What is the outerlayer of the trophoblast known as?

A

syncytiotrophoblast

27
Q

What is so important about the syncytiotrophoblast being non antigenic?

A

they interfere with maternal cells but are not rejected/trigger an immune response

28
Q

What are the combined epiblast and hypoblast known as?

A

bilaminer germ disk

29
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

formation of trilaminer germ disk and body tissue type cell derivative lines

30
Q

What are the three separate germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

31
Q

What are the three layers converted from?

A

epiblast and hydroblast

32
Q

How is the primative streak formed?

A

proliferating cells migrate to centre at caudal end

33
Q

Where does the primative streak originate from?

A

primative node

34
Q

What is the main group of cells that migrate through the primative streak?

A

epiblast

35
Q

What is the ectoderm formed from?

A

cells that remain in the epiblast

36
Q

what is the mesoderm formed from?

A

epiblast cells that migrate into the middle layer of bilaminer germ disc

37
Q

What is the endoderm formed from?

A

cells which displace the hydroblast

38
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, eyes ears and skin

39
Q

what does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

connective tissues, blood, bones and muscle

40
Q

What are the 3 subsections of the mesoderm?

A

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

41
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

musculoskeletal system

42
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

urogenital systems

43
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

muscular gut wall and partial body wall

44
Q

What does the endoderm go on to form?

A

GI tract organs, epithelium of GI and respiratory tract

45
Q

Why do all three layers form different things?

A

ectoderm is folded around the outside of embryo while endoderm is folded innermost

46
Q

What body system is developed during neuralation?

A

CNS

47
Q

What is formed during neuralation?

A

neural tube

48
Q

What is the notochord?

A

increase of poraxial mesoderm along the longitudanal axis of the embryo

49
Q

What does signalling from the notochord cause?

A

proliferation of mesoderm

50
Q

What does the proliferation of the mesoderm cause in ectoderm?

A

movement and change of shape in overlying ectoderm

51
Q

Where does neuralation begin and end?

A

begins centrally and moves cranially and caudally

52
Q

Describe the 4 stages of neuralation?

A

ectoderm changes shape creating neural grove over the notochord and neural folds on either side. neural groove becomes more pronounced as do neural folds. Neural crest cells form lateral to the top of the neural fold, neural crest formed at the most accute angle of fold. Neural crests meet and form neural tube, skin covers neural tube, neural crest cells present laterally to neural tube

53
Q

What do the rostral and caudal ends of the spinal chord form?

A

rostral: brain, caudal: spinal chord

54
Q

What can happen if the neural tube fails to close?

A

if rostrally/cranially: anecephally. If caudally: spina bifida or dermoid sinus

55
Q

What is anecephally?

A

open brain and lack of skull vault

56
Q

What other process is neuralation linked to ?

A

cell folding and growth

57
Q

In what directions does the cell grow?

A

laterally and caphalocaudal

58
Q

What does caphalocaudal mean?

A

head to toe

59
Q

What does lateral and caphalocaudal folding and growth lead to the formation of?

A

formation of body cavities and connecting stalk (connection with placenta)

60
Q

What happens during lateral folding?

A

ectoderm streached around the outside of the body (forms skin), yolk sac (endoderm) is pinched off, primative gut tube brought inside main embryonic cavity

61
Q

What happens during caphalocaudal folding?

A

amniotic cavity pulled down at cranial and caudal ends of embryo. Heart cells and tube are pulled inside the embryo

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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