Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

X Anatomy 1A > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A 
carries oxygen
carries nutrients
carries waste products from metabolism
carries hormones
homeostasis
immunity
thermoregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what components form the cardiovascular system?

A

blood
vessels
heart
lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

collects interstitial fluid and aids the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is blood formed of?

A

plasma and formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much does plasma contribute to total blood volume?

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 types of blood cells?

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

leukocytes (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much of total blood volume is formed from blood cells?

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how much of plasma is water?

A

91% water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the other 9% of plasma volume made of?

A

proteins, ions, nutrients etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the role of albumin in blood plasma?

A

maintains blood colloid osmotic pressure to ensure water in plasma stays in the blood
transport of other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the role of globulin in blood plasma?

A

immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the role of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

serum is plasma with clotting factors removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what percentage of blood volume do erythrocytes make up

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do erythrocytes contain to aid oxygen transport?

A

haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the only animal erythrocytes that don’t contain a nucleus?

A

mature mammalian erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do erythrocytes vary between species?

A

in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are leukocytes part of?

A

the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is there haemoglobin in leukocytes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

is there a nucleus in leukocytes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are platelets involved in?

A

clotting and sealing breakages in small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are platelets formed of?

A

haemoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the names of the 3 layers of artery and vein walls?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the tunica intima

A

thin endothelium with a basement membrane, lamina propina and internal elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of cell is the epithelium of the tunica intima made up of?

A

simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe what the tunica media is made up of

A

smooth muscle
variable elastic fibres
external elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe what the tunica adventitia is made up of

A

connective tissue

variable from dense to loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what type of epithelium are capillaries made up of?

A

simple stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do the endothelial cells of capillaries rest on?

A

basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which of the 3 types of capillary have the largest and smallest holes in and so let the largest and smallest molecules through?

A

continuous have smallest holes and allow through smallest molecules
sinusoidal have largest gaps and let largest molecules through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do capillaries allow to enter and leave blood?

A

nutrients and waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the amount of blood entering capillary networks controlled by?

A

caliber of arterioles and venules and by precapillary sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 2 circuits of the mammalian cardiovascular system?

A

systemic and pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the mammalian heart?

A

left atrium, right atrium

left ventricle, right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how many pumps make up the human heart

A

2 in series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where is the heart located in mammalian quadrupeds?

A

obliquely in the ventral mediastinum with the right side of the heart more cranial and the left side of the heart more caudal. Rests on the sternum with the apex on the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where is the heart located in humans?

A

in mediastinum, lies obliquely with the apex towards the left of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

2 pleural cavities

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is contained within the 2 pleural cavities?

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what does the mediastinum contain?

A

the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the 3 types of pericardium?

A

fibrous
parietal
visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

sac which surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the role of the fibrous pericardium and where is it found?

A

tough outermost layer of the pericardium that protects the heart, non-distensable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the role of the parietal pericardium and where is it found?

A

continuous with the fibrous pericardium, produces fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

where is the visceral pericardium found?

A

continuous with the epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

fluid which aids lubrication when the heart is moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

between parietal and visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the name of the ligament that attaches the heart to the sternum in humans and large animals?

A

sternopericardiac ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the name of the ligament that attaches the heart to the diaphragm small animals?

A

phrenopericardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers of the heart wall?

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where is the endocardium found within the heart?

A

inner surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the endocardium continuous with?

A

endothelium of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

where is the myocardium found in the heart?

A

middle tissue layer made of cardiac myocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the epicardium of the heart and where is it found?

A

visceral serous pericardium, smooth outer surface of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the major veins that can be seen externally to the heart?

A

caudal/posterior and cranial /anterior vena cava
azygos vein
pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the major arteries that can be seen externally to the heart?

A

aorta (and branches)

pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what blood vessels can be seen on the surface of the outside of the heart?

A

coronary vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what view of the human heart is equivalent to the left lateral view of the quadruped heart?

A

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the coronary vessels contained within in the surface of the heart?

A

grooves (sulci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where is the left intraventricular paraconal groove located?

A

next to the conus arteriosis between the right and left ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

where is the coronary sulcus located?

A

between the atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

where is the right interventricular subsinosal groove located?

A

right lateral view - marks the edges of the left and right ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

label a diagram of the left lateral view of a quadruped heart, what are the 11 key structures?

A 
cranial vena cava
brachiocephallic trunk
left subclavian artery
aorta
caudal vena cava
right auricle
right ventricle
conus leading to pulmonary trunk
left auricle
left atrium
left ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

label a diagram of the right lateral view of a quadruped heart, what are the 9 key structures?

A 
cranial vena cava
aorta
caudal vena cava
right auricle
right ventricle
left atrium
Apex (left ventricle)
right atrium
pulmonary veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what blood vessels are most easily seen at left and right lateral views of the quadruped heart?

A

left: arteries
right: veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is the heart skeleton formed of?

A

fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

where is the heart skeleton located?

A

between atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is the function of the heart skeleton?

A

electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what do the fibrous rings of the heart skeleton support?

A

support valves and provide site for muscle attachment of myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

how does the heart skeleton electrically insulate the ventricles?

A

prevents the random spread of electrical impulse throughout the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are the ossa cordis?

A

small bones found within the heart muscle of ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the function of ossa cordis?

A

supports the aortic valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what sort of bone is the ossa cordis made of?

A

splanchnic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

where is blood carried from in the azygos vein?

A

blood from the abdomen

77
Q

what does the coronary sinus do?

A

allows blood to return from the coronary circulation into the right atrium

78
Q

what is the intravenous tubercle?

A

ridge of cardiac tissue between the cranial/caudal vena cava

79
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

interatrial foetal structure that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation while in utero

80
Q

what is the function of the intravenous tubercle?

A

diverts the blood from both vena cavae into atria and reduces terbulance

81
Q

name the 2 atrio-ventricular valves

A

right: tricuspid valve
left: bicuspid (mitral) valve

82
Q

what is the function of the atrio-ventricular valves?

A

gateway between atria and ventricles. Prevent backflow of blood

83
Q

what are the cusps of the valve formed from?

A

endocardium

84
Q

what is the function of the cordae tendinae?

A

support the edge of the cusps
prevent the inversion of cusps into atria when they contract
extend from cusps to the projections of the ventricular wall

85
Q

what is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

prevent backflow

pull on cusps via cordae tendonae during ventricular contraction

86
Q

what is the conus arteriosus?

A

cone shaped exit of right ventricle leading to pulmonary trunk

87
Q

where does blood exit the right ventricle?

A

via the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk

88
Q

what sort of valve is the pulmonary valve?

A

semi-lunar valve

89
Q

what are trabecular carnae?

A

muscular ridges on the walls of ventricles that reduce turbulance

90
Q

what are the trabeculae septomarginarlis?

A

short cut for the transmission of action potential so it can travel directly from the septum to the wall of ventricle

91
Q

name the semilunar valves of the heart

A

Right semi-lunar valve/ pulmonary valve

left semi-lunar valve/ aortic valve

92
Q

which semi-lunar valve has the most cusps and why?

A

right, as the entrance from the ventricles is larger

93
Q

which veins arrive in the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

94
Q

which ventricle produces more contractile force and why?

A

left as the walls are thicker and there is a circular action of contraction as opposed to the more ‘bellows like’ action of the right ventricle

95
Q

where does blood exit the left ventricle?

A

aortic valve

96
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

a remnant of foetal circulation between aorta and pulmonary artery that aids bypass of the pulmonary circulation by blood

97
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum known as while in utero?

A

ductus arteriosus

98
Q

where is the ligamentum arteriosum located?

A

between the aorta and pulmonary artery

99
Q

what does the coronary circulation supply?

A

the myocardium (heart tissue)

100
Q

where are coronary vessels found?

A

within sulci on the heart surface

101
Q

where is blood for coronary circulation taken from?

A

directly from the aorta as requires as much oxygen as possible

102
Q

what is myocardial infarction caused by?

A

blockage of the coronary arteries

103
Q

name the coronary blood vessels that can be seen on a left lateral view of the canine heart

A

left coronary artery
left interventricular (paraconal) branch
circumflex branch
great cardiac vein

104
Q

name the first branch of the coronary artery

A

left interventricular (paraconal) branch

105
Q

name the second branch of the coronary artery

A

circumflex branch

106
Q

where does the great cardiac vein travel around the heart?

A

coronary sulcus

107
Q

name the coronary blood vessels that can be seen on a right lateral view of the canine heart

A

great cardiac vein
coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein
circumflex branch of left coronary artery
right interventricular (subsinosal) branch of left coronary artery
right coronary artery

108
Q

where doess the coronary sinus drain into?

A

right atrium

109
Q

where in the heart are the highest concentration of intercalated discs and so most efficient conduction of action potential?

A

purkinji fibres

110
Q

describe the blood flow through a mammalian heart

A 
superior and inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valves
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
lung tissue (pulmonary circulation)
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic semi-lunar valves
aorta
body tissues (systemic circulation)
111
Q

name the branches of the aortic arch in all animals (no order)

A

brachiocephallic trunk
subclavian arteries (internal thoracic artery)
common carotid arteries

112
Q

what are the branches of the aorta once it is passed the aortic arch?

A

dorsal intercostal arteries

broncho-oesopageal artery

113
Q

what is the function of the broncho-oesopageal artery?

A

supplies lung tissue with blood

114
Q

in the dog, what is the first branch of the aortic arch?

A

bracheocephallic trunk

115
Q

in the dog, what arteries originate from the bracheocephallic trunk?

A

left and right common carotid artery

right subclavian artery

116
Q

in the dog, what is the second branch of the aortic arch?

A

left subclavian artery

117
Q

how does the aortic arch differ in horses when compared to dogs?

A

there is only one branch in the aortic arch

118
Q

how does the aortic arch differ in humans when compared to dogs?

A

3 branches of the aortic arch

119
Q

what are the major veins in the thorax?

A 
cranial/superior vena cava
caudal/inferior vena cava
right and left brachiocephallic veins
external jugular veins
subclavian veins
120
Q

in the dog which veins drain into the cranial vena cava?

A

bilateral external jugular veins
bilateral subclavian veins
bracheocephallic vein

121
Q

where does the azygos vein drain blood from?

A

dorsal/posterior thorax

dorsal /posterior intercostal veins

122
Q

where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

right atrium or cranial/superior vena cava

123
Q

how many azygos veins are there in pigs?

A

left and right (left drains into coronary sinus)

124
Q

what are the major paired arteries in the abdomen?

A 
L&R phrenicoabdominal
L&R renal
L&R ovarian testicular
L&R deep circumflex
L&R external illiac
L&R internal illiac
125
Q

what are the unpaired arteries in the abdomen?

A

coeliac
cranial messenteric
caudal messenteric
median sacral

126
Q

what 2 paired arteries from the common illiac arteries in humans?

A

L&R external illiac

L&R internal illiac

127
Q

what is provided with blood by the L&R phrenicoabdominal artery?

A

dorsal/posterior abdominal wall

adrenal glands

128
Q

what is provided with blood by the L&R deep circumflex artery?

A

caudal/inferior abdominal wall

129
Q

what is provided with blood by the L&R external illiac artery?

A

hind limbs

130
Q

what is provided with blood by the L&R internal illiac artery?

A

pelvic organs

131
Q

name the paired veins in the abdomen

A 
L&R phrenicoabdominal
phrenic
abdominal
L&R renal
ovarian/testicular
L&R deep circumflex
L&R common illiac
L&R external illiac
L&R internal illiac
median sacral
hepatic
132
Q

which artery supplies the liver tissue with nutrients and oxygen?

A

hepatic

133
Q

which vein links the small intestine to the liver so that blood can be filtered of nutrients?

A

hepatic portal

134
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

drainage of body tissue fluid
absorption and transport of fat
immune system

135
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A 
lymph
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid organs
lymph nodes
lymphocytes
136
Q

what are the largest lymphatic vessels?

A

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

137
Q

what is the thoracic duct a continuation of?

A

cisterna chyli

138
Q

what are the 2 divisions of lymphoid organs?

A

primary

secondary

139
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow

thymus

140
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen
tonsils
lymph nodes

141
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs used for?

A

storage of lymphocytes

142
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs used for?

A

production of lymphocytes

143
Q

what other body fluid does lymph have the same constituents as?

A

plasma

144
Q

what structure are lymphatic capillaries closely associated with?

A

capillary beds

145
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries formed of?

A

overlapping epithelial cells

146
Q

do lymphatic capillaries contain valves?

A

yes

147
Q

what does the overlapping epithelial cells of lymphatic capillaries allow?

A

molecules are able to enter the capillaries

148
Q

how is fluid moved through lymphatic vessels?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

149
Q

what sort of lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow?

A

b lymphocytes

150
Q

what sort of lymphocytes are produced in the thymus?

A

t lymphocytes

151
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

cranial mediastinum

152
Q

what are the key parts of a lymph node?

A

afferent and efferent lymph vessels
cortex
medulla

153
Q

how do lymph nodes respond to pathogens?

A

pathogens enter by afferent lymph vessels and trigger lymph nodes to work. This causes a release of lymphocytes through efferent lymph vessels

154
Q

what colour of blood cell are lymphocytes?

A

white

155
Q

what percentage of blood cells are made up of lymphocytes?

A

20-25%

156
Q

where are most of the lymphocytes located?

A

within lymphatic tissues

157
Q

what role in immunity do b lymphocytes play?

A

produce antibodies

158
Q

what role in immunity do T lymphocytes play?

A

attack and destroy foreign cells

159
Q

what embryological germ layer does the heart form from?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

160
Q

what is the name of the process by which blood cells are created?

A

haematopoesis

161
Q

what is formed from lateral plate mesoderm in the first stage of formation of cardiovascular system?

A

blood islands

162
Q

what is the name of the process by which blood vessels and the heart are formed from lateral plate mesoderm?

A

angiogenesis

163
Q

what is the placenta formed from?

A

vascular network of blood islands

164
Q

where does the heart arise from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

165
Q

what do the medial pairs of endocardial tubes go on to form in the adult heart?

A

endocardium

166
Q

what is the name for the thickened splanchnic mesoderm?

A

epimyocardium

167
Q

what does epimyocardium form?

A

will become heart muscle

168
Q

what is the shape of the first embryonic heart?

A

tubular

169
Q

what does autonomous heart mean?

A

heart is not under nervous input initially in the embryo

170
Q

how many adjoining chambers are there in the tubular embryonic heart?

A

4

171
Q

what are the 4 adjoining chambers in the tubular embryonic heart?

A

sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
bulbus cordis

172
Q

where does blood enter the embryonic heart?

A

sinus venosus

173
Q

which of the 4 chambers of the heart grows fastest?

A

ventricle

174
Q

what does the fastest growth of the ventricle of the embryonic heart mean for it’s position relative to the other chambers?

A

bends to the right, twists and atria are moved dorsal and cranial into adult position

175
Q

when in adult position what happens to the atria?

A

expand and form bilateral pouches (the right and left atria)

176
Q

what are the bilateral pouches formed in the atrium divided by?

A

septum

177
Q

when does the development of the reptilian heart cease?

A

once atria have split leaving them with 2 atria and one ventricle

178
Q

what is the final stage of the development of the heart in birds and mammals?

A

formation of ventricular septum (divides left and right ventricles)

179
Q

what does the sinus venosus become in mammals?

A

the sino-atrial node (pacemaker)

180
Q

what is the function of the sinus venosus in the embryo and more primitive hearts?

A

pacemaker

181
Q

which animals have double circulation with 3 chambered hearts?

A

amphibians

reptiles

182
Q

what is the cavum venosum?

A

received de oxygenated blood from the right atrium in chelonian and squamate hearts

183
Q

what is the cavum arteriosum in chelonian and squamate hearts?

A

receives blood from the left atrium

184
Q

what is the cavum pulmonale?

A

area after muscular ridge in chelonian and squamate hearts that directs de-oxygenated blood towards pulmonary vessels

185
Q

what does the inter ventricular canal do?

A

connects cavum venosum with cavum arteriosum

186
Q

what physiological adjustments are made during diving?

A

bradycardia
shunting of blood to only necessary tissues (brain and respiring muscles)
anaerobic metabolism

187
Q

what occurs during cardiac shunt?

A

sphincter in pulmonary artery closes to enourage blood to take path of least resistance and flow back round to tissues, bypassing the lungs.

188
Q

what are the only 2 cardiovascular adjustments that can be made in diving mammals and birds?

A

bradycardia

shunting of blood to only necessary tissues (brain and respiring muscles)

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions