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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A 
carries oxygen
carries nutrients
carries waste products from metabolism
carries hormones
homeostasis
immunity
thermoregulation
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2
Q

what components form the cardiovascular system?

A

blood
vessels
heart
lymphatic system

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3
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

collects interstitial fluid and aids the immune system

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4
Q

what is blood formed of?

A

plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

how much does plasma contribute to total blood volume?

A

55%

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of blood cells?

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

leukocytes (WBC)

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7
Q

how much of total blood volume is formed from blood cells?

A

45%

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8
Q

how much of plasma is water?

A

91% water

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9
Q

what is the other 9% of plasma volume made of?

A

proteins, ions, nutrients etc

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10
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

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11
Q

what is the role of albumin in blood plasma?

A

maintains blood colloid osmotic pressure to ensure water in plasma stays in the blood
transport of other molecules

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12
Q

what is the role of globulin in blood plasma?

A

immunity

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13
Q

what is the role of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

clotting

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14
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

serum is plasma with clotting factors removed

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15
Q

what percentage of blood volume do erythrocytes make up

A

95%

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16
Q

what do erythrocytes contain to aid oxygen transport?

A

haemoglobin

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17
Q

what are the only animal erythrocytes that don’t contain a nucleus?

A

mature mammalian erythrocytes

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18
Q

how do erythrocytes vary between species?

A

in size

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19
Q

What are leukocytes part of?

A

the immune response

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20
Q

is there haemoglobin in leukocytes?

A

no

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21
Q

is there a nucleus in leukocytes?

A

no

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22
Q

what are platelets involved in?

A

clotting and sealing breakages in small vessels

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23
Q

what are platelets formed of?

A

haemoblast

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24
Q

what are the names of the 3 layers of artery and vein walls?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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25
describe the tunica intima
thin endothelium with a basement membrane, lamina propina and internal elastic membrane
26
what type of cell is the epithelium of the tunica intima made up of?
simple squamous
27
describe what the tunica media is made up of
smooth muscle variable elastic fibres external elastic membrane
28
describe what the tunica adventitia is made up of
connective tissue | variable from dense to loose
29
what type of epithelium are capillaries made up of?
simple stratified squamous
30
what do the endothelial cells of capillaries rest on?
basement membrane
31
what are the 3 types of capillaries?
continuous fenestrated sinusoidal
32
which of the 3 types of capillary have the largest and smallest holes in and so let the largest and smallest molecules through?
continuous have smallest holes and allow through smallest molecules sinusoidal have largest gaps and let largest molecules through
33
what do capillaries allow to enter and leave blood?
nutrients and waste products
34
what is the amount of blood entering capillary networks controlled by?
caliber of arterioles and venules and by precapillary sphincters
35
what are the 2 circuits of the mammalian cardiovascular system?
systemic and pulmonary
36
what are the 4 chambers of the mammalian heart?
left atrium, right atrium | left ventricle, right ventricle
37
how many pumps make up the human heart
2 in series
38
where is the heart located in mammalian quadrupeds?
obliquely in the ventral mediastinum with the right side of the heart more cranial and the left side of the heart more caudal. Rests on the sternum with the apex on the diaphragm
39
where is the heart located in humans?
in mediastinum, lies obliquely with the apex towards the left of the thorax
40
what does the thoracic cavity contain?
2 pleural cavities | mediastinum
41
what is contained within the 2 pleural cavities?
lungs
42
what does the mediastinum contain?
the heart
43
what are the 3 types of pericardium?
fibrous parietal visceral
44
what is the pericardium?
sac which surrounds the heart
45
what is the role of the fibrous pericardium and where is it found?
tough outermost layer of the pericardium that protects the heart, non-distensable
46
what is the role of the parietal pericardium and where is it found?
continuous with the fibrous pericardium, produces fluid
47
where is the visceral pericardium found?
continuous with the epicardium
48
what does the pericardial cavity contain?
fluid which aids lubrication when the heart is moving
49
where is the pericardial cavity located?
between parietal and visceral pericardium
50
what is the name of the ligament that attaches the heart to the sternum in humans and large animals?
sternopericardiac ligament
51
what is the name of the ligament that attaches the heart to the diaphragm small animals?
phrenopericardiac
52
what are the 3 tissue layers of the heart wall?
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
53
where is the endocardium found within the heart?
inner surface
54
what is the endocardium continuous with?
endothelium of blood vessels
55
where is the myocardium found in the heart?
middle tissue layer made of cardiac myocytes
56
what is the epicardium of the heart and where is it found?
visceral serous pericardium, smooth outer surface of the heart
57
what are the major veins that can be seen externally to the heart?
caudal/posterior and cranial /anterior vena cava azygos vein pulmonary veins
58
what are the major arteries that can be seen externally to the heart?
aorta (and branches) | pulmonary trunk
59
what blood vessels can be seen on the surface of the outside of the heart?
coronary vessels
60
what view of the human heart is equivalent to the left lateral view of the quadruped heart?
anterior
61
what are the coronary vessels contained within in the surface of the heart?
grooves (sulci)
62
where is the left intraventricular paraconal groove located?
next to the conus arteriosis between the right and left ventricles
63
where is the coronary sulcus located?
between the atria and ventricles
64
where is the right interventricular subsinosal groove located?
right lateral view - marks the edges of the left and right ventricles
65
label a diagram of the left lateral view of a quadruped heart, what are the 11 key structures?
``` cranial vena cava brachiocephallic trunk left subclavian artery aorta caudal vena cava right auricle right ventricle conus leading to pulmonary trunk left auricle left atrium left ventricle ```
66
label a diagram of the right lateral view of a quadruped heart, what are the 9 key structures?
``` cranial vena cava aorta caudal vena cava right auricle right ventricle left atrium Apex (left ventricle) right atrium pulmonary veins ```
67
what blood vessels are most easily seen at left and right lateral views of the quadruped heart?
left: arteries right: veins
68
what is the heart skeleton formed of?
fibrous connective tissue
69
where is the heart skeleton located?
between atria and ventricles
70
what is the function of the heart skeleton?
electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
71
what do the fibrous rings of the heart skeleton support?
support valves and provide site for muscle attachment of myocardium
72
how does the heart skeleton electrically insulate the ventricles?
prevents the random spread of electrical impulse throughout the heart
73
what are the ossa cordis?
small bones found within the heart muscle of ruminants
74
what is the function of ossa cordis?
supports the aortic valves
75
what sort of bone is the ossa cordis made of?
splanchnic
76
where is blood carried from in the azygos vein?
blood from the abdomen
77
what does the coronary sinus do?
allows blood to return from the coronary circulation into the right atrium
78
what is the intravenous tubercle?
ridge of cardiac tissue between the cranial/caudal vena cava
79
what is the fossa ovalis?
interatrial foetal structure that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation while in utero
80
what is the function of the intravenous tubercle?
diverts the blood from both vena cavae into atria and reduces terbulance
81
name the 2 atrio-ventricular valves
right: tricuspid valve left: bicuspid (mitral) valve
82
what is the function of the atrio-ventricular valves?
gateway between atria and ventricles. Prevent backflow of blood
83
what are the cusps of the valve formed from?
endocardium
84
what is the function of the cordae tendinae?
support the edge of the cusps prevent the inversion of cusps into atria when they contract extend from cusps to the projections of the ventricular wall
85
what is the function of the papillary muscles?
prevent backflow | pull on cusps via cordae tendonae during ventricular contraction
86
what is the conus arteriosus?
cone shaped exit of right ventricle leading to pulmonary trunk
87
where does blood exit the right ventricle?
via the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk
88
what sort of valve is the pulmonary valve?
semi-lunar valve
89
what are trabecular carnae?
muscular ridges on the walls of ventricles that reduce turbulance
90
what are the trabeculae septomarginarlis?
short cut for the transmission of action potential so it can travel directly from the septum to the wall of ventricle
91
name the semilunar valves of the heart
Right semi-lunar valve/ pulmonary valve | left semi-lunar valve/ aortic valve
92
which semi-lunar valve has the most cusps and why?
right, as the entrance from the ventricles is larger
93
which veins arrive in the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
94
which ventricle produces more contractile force and why?
left as the walls are thicker and there is a circular action of contraction as opposed to the more 'bellows like' action of the right ventricle
95
where does blood exit the left ventricle?
aortic valve
96
what is the ligamentum arteriosum?
a remnant of foetal circulation between aorta and pulmonary artery that aids bypass of the pulmonary circulation by blood
97
what is the ligamentum arteriosum known as while in utero?
ductus arteriosus
98
where is the ligamentum arteriosum located?
between the aorta and pulmonary artery
99
what does the coronary circulation supply?
the myocardium (heart tissue)
100
where are coronary vessels found?
within sulci on the heart surface
101
where is blood for coronary circulation taken from?
directly from the aorta as requires as much oxygen as possible
102
what is myocardial infarction caused by?
blockage of the coronary arteries
103
name the coronary blood vessels that can be seen on a left lateral view of the canine heart
left coronary artery left interventricular (paraconal) branch circumflex branch great cardiac vein
104
name the first branch of the coronary artery
left interventricular (paraconal) branch
105
name the second branch of the coronary artery
circumflex branch
106
where does the great cardiac vein travel around the heart?
coronary sulcus
107
name the coronary blood vessels that can be seen on a right lateral view of the canine heart
great cardiac vein coronary sinus middle cardiac vein circumflex branch of left coronary artery right interventricular (subsinosal) branch of left coronary artery right coronary artery
108
where doess the coronary sinus drain into?
right atrium
109
where in the heart are the highest concentration of intercalated discs and so most efficient conduction of action potential?
purkinji fibres
110
describe the blood flow through a mammalian heart
``` superior and inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valves pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lung tissue (pulmonary circulation) pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semi-lunar valves aorta body tissues (systemic circulation) ```
111
name the branches of the aortic arch in all animals (no order)
brachiocephallic trunk subclavian arteries (internal thoracic artery) common carotid arteries
112
what are the branches of the aorta once it is passed the aortic arch?
dorsal intercostal arteries | broncho-oesopageal artery
113
what is the function of the broncho-oesopageal artery?
supplies lung tissue with blood
114
in the dog, what is the first branch of the aortic arch?
bracheocephallic trunk
115
in the dog, what arteries originate from the bracheocephallic trunk?
left and right common carotid artery | right subclavian artery
116
in the dog, what is the second branch of the aortic arch?
left subclavian artery
117
how does the aortic arch differ in horses when compared to dogs?
there is only one branch in the aortic arch
118
how does the aortic arch differ in humans when compared to dogs?
3 branches of the aortic arch
119
what are the major veins in the thorax?
``` cranial/superior vena cava caudal/inferior vena cava right and left brachiocephallic veins external jugular veins subclavian veins ```
120
in the dog which veins drain into the cranial vena cava?
bilateral external jugular veins bilateral subclavian veins bracheocephallic vein
121
where does the azygos vein drain blood from?
dorsal/posterior thorax | dorsal /posterior intercostal veins
122
where does the azygos vein drain into?
right atrium or cranial/superior vena cava
123
how many azygos veins are there in pigs?
left and right (left drains into coronary sinus)
124
what are the major paired arteries in the abdomen?
``` L&R phrenicoabdominal L&R renal L&R ovarian testicular L&R deep circumflex L&R external illiac L&R internal illiac ```
125
what are the unpaired arteries in the abdomen?
coeliac cranial messenteric caudal messenteric median sacral
126
what 2 paired arteries from the common illiac arteries in humans?
L&R external illiac | L&R internal illiac
127
what is provided with blood by the L&R phrenicoabdominal artery?
dorsal/posterior abdominal wall | adrenal glands
128
what is provided with blood by the L&R deep circumflex artery?
caudal/inferior abdominal wall
129
what is provided with blood by the L&R external illiac artery?
hind limbs
130
what is provided with blood by the L&R internal illiac artery?
pelvic organs
131
name the paired veins in the abdomen
``` L&R phrenicoabdominal phrenic abdominal L&R renal ovarian/testicular L&R deep circumflex L&R common illiac L&R external illiac L&R internal illiac median sacral hepatic ```
132
which artery supplies the liver tissue with nutrients and oxygen?
hepatic
133
which vein links the small intestine to the liver so that blood can be filtered of nutrients?
hepatic portal
134
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
drainage of body tissue fluid absorption and transport of fat immune system
135
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
``` lymph lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels lymphoid organs lymph nodes lymphocytes ```
136
what are the largest lymphatic vessels?
thoracic duct | right lymphatic duct
137
what is the thoracic duct a continuation of?
cisterna chyli
138
what are the 2 divisions of lymphoid organs?
primary | secondary
139
what are the primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow | thymus
140
what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen tonsils lymph nodes
141
what are the secondary lymphoid organs used for?
storage of lymphocytes
142
what are the primary lymphoid organs used for?
production of lymphocytes
143
what other body fluid does lymph have the same constituents as?
plasma
144
what structure are lymphatic capillaries closely associated with?
capillary beds
145
what are lymphatic capillaries formed of?
overlapping epithelial cells
146
do lymphatic capillaries contain valves?
yes
147
what does the overlapping epithelial cells of lymphatic capillaries allow?
molecules are able to enter the capillaries
148
how is fluid moved through lymphatic vessels?
skeletal muscle contraction
149
what sort of lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow?
b lymphocytes
150
what sort of lymphocytes are produced in the thymus?
t lymphocytes
151
where is the thymus located?
cranial mediastinum
152
what are the key parts of a lymph node?
afferent and efferent lymph vessels cortex medulla
153
how do lymph nodes respond to pathogens?
pathogens enter by afferent lymph vessels and trigger lymph nodes to work. This causes a release of lymphocytes through efferent lymph vessels
154
what colour of blood cell are lymphocytes?
white
155
what percentage of blood cells are made up of lymphocytes?
20-25%
156
where are most of the lymphocytes located?
within lymphatic tissues
157
what role in immunity do b lymphocytes play?
produce antibodies
158
what role in immunity do T lymphocytes play?
attack and destroy foreign cells
159
what embryological germ layer does the heart form from?
lateral plate mesoderm
160
what is the name of the process by which blood cells are created?
haematopoesis
161
what is formed from lateral plate mesoderm in the first stage of formation of cardiovascular system?
blood islands
162
what is the name of the process by which blood vessels and the heart are formed from lateral plate mesoderm?
angiogenesis
163
what is the placenta formed from?
vascular network of blood islands
164
where does the heart arise from?
splanchnic mesoderm
165
what do the medial pairs of endocardial tubes go on to form in the adult heart?
endocardium
166
what is the name for the thickened splanchnic mesoderm?
epimyocardium
167
what does epimyocardium form?
will become heart muscle
168
what is the shape of the first embryonic heart?
tubular
169
what does autonomous heart mean?
heart is not under nervous input initially in the embryo
170
how many adjoining chambers are there in the tubular embryonic heart?
4
171
what are the 4 adjoining chambers in the tubular embryonic heart?
sinus venosus atrium ventricle bulbus cordis
172
where does blood enter the embryonic heart?
sinus venosus
173
which of the 4 chambers of the heart grows fastest?
ventricle
174
what does the fastest growth of the ventricle of the embryonic heart mean for it's position relative to the other chambers?
bends to the right, twists and atria are moved dorsal and cranial into adult position
175
when in adult position what happens to the atria?
expand and form bilateral pouches (the right and left atria)
176
what are the bilateral pouches formed in the atrium divided by?
septum
177
when does the development of the reptilian heart cease?
once atria have split leaving them with 2 atria and one ventricle
178
what is the final stage of the development of the heart in birds and mammals?
formation of ventricular septum (divides left and right ventricles)
179
what does the sinus venosus become in mammals?
the sino-atrial node (pacemaker)
180
what is the function of the sinus venosus in the embryo and more primitive hearts?
pacemaker
181
which animals have double circulation with 3 chambered hearts?
amphibians | reptiles
182
what is the cavum venosum?
received de oxygenated blood from the right atrium in chelonian and squamate hearts
183
what is the cavum arteriosum in chelonian and squamate hearts?
receives blood from the left atrium
184
what is the cavum pulmonale?
area after muscular ridge in chelonian and squamate hearts that directs de-oxygenated blood towards pulmonary vessels
185
what does the inter ventricular canal do?
connects cavum venosum with cavum arteriosum
186
what physiological adjustments are made during diving?
bradycardia shunting of blood to only necessary tissues (brain and respiring muscles) anaerobic metabolism
187
what occurs during cardiac shunt?
sphincter in pulmonary artery closes to enourage blood to take path of least resistance and flow back round to tissues, bypassing the lungs.
188
what are the only 2 cardiovascular adjustments that can be made in diving mammals and birds?
bradycardia | shunting of blood to only necessary tissues (brain and respiring muscles)

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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