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X Anatomy 1A > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the best description of respiration from an anatomists point of view?

A

act of inhalation and exhalation of air

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2
Q

how do respiratory gases move into the blood vessels and body tissues/

A

gas diffusion

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3
Q

what are the 6 methods of gas exchange/respiration?

A 
simple diffusion 
respiration through skin
papulae on body surface
tracheae on body surface
gills
alveoli
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4
Q

what are the 4 key features of a respiratory membrane?

A 
thin (short diffusion pathway)
moist surface (gas must be dissolved in liquid to pass through cell membrane)
highly vascular (vertebrates)
some contact with the external environment
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5
Q

what are gills?

A

an aquatic respiratory organ

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6
Q

how do gills increase surface area for gas diffusion?

A

project into the water

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of gills?

A

simple

complex

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8
Q

where are simple gills seen?

A

papulae on echinoderms (starfish)

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9
Q

where are complex gills seen?

A

in fish

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10
Q

what are the 2 chambers of complex gills?

A

buccal cavity and opercular cavity

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11
Q

what is countercurrent flow in gills?

A

water flows through gills in one direction and blood moves the opposite way

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12
Q

what is the aim of countercurrent flow in gills?

A

to increase diffusion gradient and maximise oxyge diffusion into the blood

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13
Q

describe the movement of water through gills

A

operculum are closed so water is drawn into the buccal cavity through the mouth.
mouth is closed and operculum opens where water then flows out over the gills

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14
Q

what are the gill filaments?

A

highly vascular, thin membranes on the caudal edge of the gill which allow gas exchange to happen quickly

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15
Q

what is the name for the external opening of the tracheae in insects?

A

spiracle

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16
Q

what are tracheae?

A

extensive network of tubes throughout a air breathing animals body that fill with air to allow gas exchange

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17
Q

what does air move through to reach the alveoli?

A

branched tubular structures

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18
Q

what happens to the air before it reaches the respiratory surface?

A

becomes saturated with water

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19
Q

where is the large surface area for gas exchange located in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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20
Q

what shape is the mammalian thorax?

A

irregular cylinder with 2 openings

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21
Q

what is the thoracic cavity enclosed by?

A

walls, mostly skeletal

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22
Q

what are the 3 main compartments of the mammalian thorax?

A

media stinum

2 pleural cavities

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23
Q

by what type of joint are the ribs joined to the vertebra?

A

synovial

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24
Q

how many rib pairs are there in humans?

A

12

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25
Q

what does the number of rib pairs correspond to?

A

number of thoracic vertebra

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of ribs?

A

true, false and floating

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27
Q

what are true ribs

A

those that articulate directly with vertebra and sternum

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28
Q

what are false ribs?

A

those that attach to large common costal cartilage

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29
Q

what are floating ribs?

A

those that have no attachment to the sternum

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30
Q

what type of cell is the pleura made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelial cells)

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31
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

space which the lungs occupy

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32
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

continuous layer that lines thoracic cavity and diaphragm

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33
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

tissue which covers the whole lung

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34
Q

where is the parietal pleura reflected on to the lung?

A

hilum

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35
Q

what is the pleural space?

A

potential space between visceral and parietal pleura formed of a thin layer of fluid which sticks the membranes together

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36
Q

what ribs move in a pump handle movement during respiration?

A

superior (true) ribs move anterior and superior to push sternum up and out

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37
Q

which ribs move in a bucket handle movement?

A

inferior ribs

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38
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

large dome of skeletal muscle that forms the barrier of the thoracic cavity

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39
Q

what is the main muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

what does contraction of the diaphragm cause?

A

flattening of the dome of the diaphragm which pulls on the parietal pleura and increases volume

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41
Q

what two areas of tissue is the diaphragm formed of?

A

central tendon and muscular periphery

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42
Q

which nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

phrenic

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43
Q

where are the phrenic nerves located?

A

left and right sides proximal to the heart

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44
Q

what type of muscle is the diaphragm formed of?

A

skeletal

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45
Q

what are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle?

A

external, internal, innermost

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46
Q

what do intercostal muscles maintain?

A

intercostal space and prevent blowing in or out

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47
Q

what role do intercostal muscles play during pressure changes in the thorax?

A

maintain structural integrity of thorax

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48
Q

what does negative pressure rely on?

A

integrity of pleura and action of diaphragm

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49
Q

how do birds respire?

A

no tidal flow, continuous flow of air
through air sacks which act as bellows
lungs are rigid and there is no diaphragm

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50
Q

what animals use positive pressure breathing

A

amphibians

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51
Q

what 2 sections can the mammalian respiratory system be divided into?

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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52
Q

what mainly occurs in the upper respiratory tract?

A

conduction of gases

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53
Q

what mainly occurs in the lower respiratory tract?

A

conduction of gases and site of gas exchange

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54
Q

what are the main components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx

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55
Q

what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

respiratory and olfactory (towards the rear of the nasal cavity)

56
Q

what are the walls of the nasal cavity formed from?

A

bone

57
Q

what is the nasal cavity divided into 2 sections by?

A

nasal septum in the saggital plane

58
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity

A 
to warm and humidify air
filter air
direct inspired air into pharynx
provide a resonating chamber for phonation
receives drainage from sinuses
59
Q

what are concha?

A

bony projections in nasal cavity covered by mucosa

60
Q

how many concha are there in the nasal cavity?

A

3 on each side

61
Q

what are the names of the concha from superior to inferior aspect of nasal cavity?

A

superior concha
middle concha
inferior concha

62
Q

what is the function of concha?

A

aid filtration and warming of air

63
Q

What are meatus?

A

passages below each of the concha within the nasal cavity

64
Q

how many meatus are there in the nasal cavity?

A

3 on each side

65
Q

what are the names of the meatus from superior to inferior aspect of nasal cavity?

A

superior meatus
middle meatus
inferior meatus

66
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

hollowed spaces in the skull which communicate with the nasal cavity

67
Q

what are paranasal sinuses named after?

A

their associated bone

68
Q

what are paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium

69
Q

why are paranasal sinuses prone to blockage?

A

because of the way they drain and their production of mucous by epithelium

70
Q

what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A

sphenoid sinuses
frontal sinuses
ethimoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses

71
Q

what are the functions of paranasal sinuses?

A 
aid warming/humidification of air
aid phonation of voice
lighten facial skeleton
provide a surface for muscle attachment
offer mechanical protection
72
Q

what are the 2 palates within the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft

73
Q

what is the hard palette made of?

A

bone

74
Q

what is the soft palette made of?

A

muscle

75
Q

where are the hard and soft palettes located in the oral cavity?

A

hard: rostral/anterior
soft: posterior

76
Q

what is the oral cavity lined with?

A

mucosa

77
Q

what is the uvula part of?

A

soft palette

78
Q

why are horses obligate nasal breathers?

A

epiglottis is located dorsal to soft palette - it prevents oral cavity from communicating with the trachea. Oral cavity cannot be recruited when needed unlike other mammals

79
Q

where is the nasopharynx located?

A

posterior and open to nasal cavity

80
Q

what structure of digestion is the pharynx continuous with?

A

oesphegus

81
Q

what openings does the nasopharynx contain?

A

eustachian/auditory tube

82
Q

what is the pharynx lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium

83
Q

where is the oropharynx located?

A

posterior and open to oral cavity

84
Q

where does the oropharynx extend from and to?

A

from soft palette to epiglottis

85
Q

what is the oropharynx lined with?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

86
Q

where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

posterior and open to larynx

87
Q

where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?

A

epiglottis to oesophegus

88
Q

what is the laryngopharynx lined with?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

89
Q

how does laryngopharynx move in order to direct food into the oesophegus?

A

moves upwards and the epiglottis closes

90
Q

what is the larynx the connection between?

A

pharynx and tracheobronchial tree

91
Q

how is the larynx suspended from the base of the cranium?

A

via hyoid bones and associated ligaments

92
Q

what structures is the larynx continuous with inferiorly/caudally?

A

trachea

93
Q

what structures is the larynx continuous with superiorly/cranially?

A

pharynx

94
Q

what is the function of epiglottic cartilage?

A

covers laryngeal opening

95
Q

what cartilage is epiglottic cartilage formed of?

A

elastic

96
Q

how can thyroid cartilage move?

A

forwards and backwards on cricoid cartilage

97
Q

what does the cricoid cartilage attach to?

A

trachea

98
Q

what is the function of arytenoid cartilage?

A

they can rotate and are attached to the vocal cords. will close the larynx during straining activities

99
Q

what do intrinsic muscles of the larynx attach to and what do they do?

A

the cartilages of the larynx and change the tension in the vocal folds

100
Q

why are vocal cords mobile in the neck?

A

due to extrinsic laryngeal muscles

101
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract formed of?

A

trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli

102
Q

what is the function of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

conducts air to and from the alveoli

103
Q

what are the alveoli the site of?

A

gaseous exchange

104
Q

what are lobes seperated by?

A

fissures

105
Q

what is a lobe the functional unit of?

A

the lung

106
Q

how does a lung without external lobes appear?

A

no visible fissures (e.g. horse)

107
Q

what does a lung with lobules look like?

A

surface is visibly marked with fascia, does not appear smooth

108
Q

what are the names of the lobes in the left human lung?

A

superior and inferior

109
Q

what are the names of the lobes in the right human lung?

A

superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe

110
Q

what is the name of the fissure which separates superior and inferior lobes?

A

oblique fissure

111
Q

what is the name of the fissure which separates middle lobe from superior and inferior lobes?

A

horizontal fissure

112
Q

from which germ layer is the tracheobrochial tree derived?

A

endoderm - formed by diverticulum of the gut tube in the embryo

113
Q

from which germ layer is the lung connective tissue derived?

A

mesoderm

114
Q

where in the thoracic cavity is the trachea located?

A

media stinum

115
Q

what is the function of the C shaped cartilage on the trachea and bronchi?

A

holds lumen open

116
Q

what type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

117
Q

what cells secrete mucus into the trachea?

A

goblet cells

118
Q

what is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

alters diameter of trachea

119
Q

where is the trachealis muscle located?

A

posterior wall of trachea

120
Q

what are primary bronchi also known as?

A

main or principal bronchi

121
Q

where do the primary bronchi enter the lungs

A

at the hilum

122
Q

what bronchi supply the lung?

A

primary/principal bronchi

123
Q

what bronchi supply the lobes of the lungs?

A

secondary/lobar bronchi

124
Q

what bronchi supply the segments of the lung?

A

tertiary/segmental bronchi

125
Q

what species is the tracheal bronchi present in?

A

ruminants and pigs

126
Q

what is the tracheal bronchi?

A

secondary/lobar bronchus directly from the trachea

127
Q

what does the tracheal bronchi supply?

A

cranial lobe of right lung

128
Q

as you move through the trachea towards the segmental bronchi and alveoli how does the amount of smooth muscle and cartilage change?

A

increased smooth muscle

decreased cartilage

129
Q

how does the number of specialised cells change more proximal to alveoli?

A

decreases

130
Q

what sort of epithelium are alveoli lined with?

A

simple squamous

131
Q

where are alveolar capillaries visible?

A

in the septa between alveolar sacs

132
Q

what is the role of surfactant?

A

prevents collapse of lung and reduces surface tension

133
Q

what is the hilum the site of?

A

entry and exit to and from the lung

134
Q

why is the hilum the only part of the lung not covered in pleura?

A

it is at the point where parietal pleura reflects onto visceral pleura

135
Q

what can be seen at the hilum?

A

bronchus
pulmonary veins
pulmonary artery

136
Q

how can the bronchus be identified at the hilum?

A

cut edges of cartilage are visible

137
Q

how can the pulmonary arteries be differentiated from the pulmonary veins?

A

pulmonary artery is usually more superior/cranial and has a thicker wall compared to the vein

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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