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X Anatomy 1A > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a system?

A

collection of different organs and tissues that has a specific function

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2
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

a network of nerve cells (neurons and fibres)and their supporting cells

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3
Q

What does the nervous system basically do?

A

transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body

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4
Q

What is the basic function of the nervous system?

A

allows sentient organisms to live effectively in their environment

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5
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collections of cell bodies

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6
Q

What are the 4 key functions of the nervous system?

A

sense and monitor environment
respond, react and move around environment
integrate, process and store information
maintain internal stasis of the body

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7
Q

What tissues and cells does sensing and monitoring the environment involve?

A

sensory tissues and organs, sensory nerves

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8
Q

What cells and tissues are involved in responding to and moving around the environment?

A

motor nerves and muscles

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9
Q

What cells and tissues are involved in maintaining internal stasis of the body?

A

motor nerves, smooth/cardiac muscle and glands

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10
Q

What are the two locations of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

brain and spinal chord

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12
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

all nerves that are not found in the brain/spinal chord

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13
Q

What can the sensory nervous system also be known as?

A

afferent

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14
Q

What can the motor nervous system also be known as?

A

efferent

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15
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A

somatic is voluntary and autonomic is involuntary

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16
Q

What are glia?

A

supporting cells of CNS and PNS

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17
Q

How does regeneration of nerves differ between CNS and PNS?

A

CNS- nerves do not regenerate after injury, there is no secretion of growth factors and inhibitory factors are actually released
PNS- nerves regenerate well after injury

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18
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

fight of flight mechanism, speeds things up and diverts blood where it is needed (e.g. away from digestive system towards muscles)

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20
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

rest and digest mechanism, slows everything down, diverts blood back to slower areas (e.g. towards digestive system)

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21
Q

What main divisions of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems associated with?

A

CNS and PNS

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22
Q

What is a neuron?

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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23
Q

What 3 types of neuron are there?

A

sensory, motor and interneurons

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24
Q

What are neurons specialised to do?

A

detect and react to stimuli

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25
Q

What do neurons generate, conduct and transmit?

A

nerve impulses

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26
Q

What are the 3 main areas on a neuron?

A

axon, dendrites and terminal synapses

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27
Q

How does the signal flow through a neuron?

A

dendrites-axon-terminal synapse

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28
Q

what do neuroglia do?

A

surround neurons

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29
Q

What do neurons use synapses for?

A

to communicate with other neurons or effector target cells

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30
Q

Where are the 3 main locations of synapses?

A

axon to dendrite, axon to cell body, axon to axon

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31
Q

Basically describe how a synapse works?

A

nerve impulse reaches terminal, stimulates the release of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter. These leave the cell by exocytosis, cross the synaptic cleft to receptors on next cell surface

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32
Q

What is mylination?

A

surrounding of axon by glial cells to improve rate of conduction

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33
Q

What is the node of ranvier?

A

unmylinated area of nerve cells

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34
Q

Which cells are involved in mylination in the CNS?

A

oligodendrites

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35
Q

Whic cells are involved in mylination in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

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36
Q

How are axons mylinated differently in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS- each cell wraps around a different part of the axon

PNS- axon is mylinated by single cell that is wrapped/spiralled around

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37
Q

What is the CNS housed within?

A

bone

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38
Q

What bones are the brain and spinal cord housed in?

A

cranium and vertebrae

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39
Q

What is the name for the 3 layers of tissue which surround the CNS?

A

meninges

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40
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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41
Q

What is the dura mater like?

A

tough, outer layer of meninges

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42
Q

What is the arachnoid mater like?

A

web like appearance, middle layer of meninges

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43
Q

What is the pia mater like?

A

pink in colour, sits directly on top of spinal cord and bran, thinnest layer

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44
Q

What do the meninges do?

A

support and protect CNS and produce cerebral spinal fluid

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45
Q

What do spaces between meningeal layers house?

A

CSF and blood vessels

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46
Q

Where is the grey and white matter located in the spinal cord and what do they contain?

A

grey: houses cell bodies, located inside white matter which contains axons

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47
Q

Where is the grey and white matter located in the brain and what do they contain

A

grey: houses cell bodies and is located outside of the white matter which contains axons

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48
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

mylination of axons

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49
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the brain?

A

at the foramen magnum

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50
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

hole at the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord exits

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51
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

at the exit of the brain

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52
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spine?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coxygeal

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53
Q

What do nerves from the cervical spine lead to?

A

upper limbs/forelimbs

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54
Q

What do nerves from the thoracic spine lead to?

A

body wall and skin

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55
Q

What do nerves from the lumbar spine lead to ?

A

lower/hind limbs

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56
Q

What do nerves from the sacral spine lead to?

A

lower/hind limbs

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57
Q

Why is the cord not uniform in thickness?

A

increases in thickness in areas which correspond with limbs, increased neurons to the area

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58
Q

Where is the spinal cord thicker?

A

lumbar/sacral and cervical regions

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59
Q

What shape is the end of the spinal cord?

A

cone shaped

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60
Q

What is the name for the end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

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61
Q

At the end of the spinal cord what is the name of the nerves which continue in the vertebrae?

A

cauda equina

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62
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

attachment of pia mater thread to the coccyx to anchor the spinal cord and cauda equina

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63
Q

what is the number of nerve pairs in each region often the same as?

A

the number of vertebrae in that region

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64
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in humans?

A

31

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65
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves do all mammals have?

A

8

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66
Q

What happens to nerves in the thoracic region when they leave the spinal cord?

A

come out horizontally and don’t touch any other nerves

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67
Q

What are plexi?

A

groups of nerves that join together outside the spinal cord to form bigger nerves

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68
Q

What are 3 plexi in the mammalian body?

A

brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus

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69
Q

What do cranial nerves form part of?

A

PNS

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70
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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71
Q

Where do most cranial nerves originate from?

A

midbrain

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72
Q

What arteries make up the circle of willis?

A

clockwise from rostral end: anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery

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73
Q

Why is the circle of willis so important?

A

collateral blood flow, if one artery becomes blocked the blood can still flow to the brain

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74
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

channels of venous blood that run between layers of dura

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75
Q

What two layers of dura are venous sinuses found between?

A

periostial and meningial

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76
Q

Where is the superior saggital sinus located?

A

over the top of the brain, on the midline

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77
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus do?

A

drains all blood from transverse sinus into internal jugular vein

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78
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

chambers within the brain

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79
Q

What do ventricles in the brain produce?

A

CSF

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80
Q

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A

2 lateral ventricles that drain in to the 3rd ventricle in the midline, 4th ventricle is in the hindbrain

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81
Q

Where does cerebral spinal fluid enter the spinal cord and sub arachnoid space?

A

lateral and median apatures

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82
Q

What is CSF produced by that is found within all the ventricles of the brain?

A

choroid plexus

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83
Q

Where is CSF absorbed back into the blood stream?

A

venous sinuses at arachnoid villi

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84
Q

What does the ectoderm in an embryo go on to create?

A

skin and nervous system

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85
Q

What does ectoderm differentiate into?

A

ectoderm (skin) and neuroectoderm (neural tube)

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86
Q

What are neural crests the margins of?

A

neuroectoderm

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87
Q

What happens when neural crests meet in the mid line?

A

form a tube (neural tube)

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88
Q

What happens to neural crest cells once they separate from neuroectoderm?

A

migrate across embryo to differentiate into multiple different neural cells

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89
Q

What 7 structures do neural crest cells differentiate into?

A 
sympathetic ganglia
dorsal root ganglion (neural tube)
adrenal medulla
intrinsic nerve plexuses
ondontoblasts
melanocytes
tissues of iris
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90
Q

What are the edges of the neural plate called?

A

neural folds

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91
Q

What do neural folds meet in the midline to form?

A

neural tube

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92
Q

what are the holes at each end of the neural tube known as?

A

cranial or caudal neuropores

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93
Q

Once the neuropores are closed what structures can begin to form?

A

brain and spinal cord

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94
Q

What does the closed neural tube then undergo to form the 3 cranial vesicles?

A

massive growth, swelling and folding

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95
Q

How many cranial vesicles are there initially?

A

3

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96
Q

What are the names of the 3 vesicles?

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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97
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube form?

A

ventricles of brain

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98
Q

At what week are 5 cranial vesicles formed?

A

week 5

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99
Q

What is the correct term for the forebrain?

A

prosencephalon

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100
Q

what is the correct term for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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101
Q

what is the correct term for the hindbrain?

A

rhombencephalon

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102
Q

What are the names of the vesicles that the prosencephalon splits into?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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103
Q

What is formed in the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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104
Q

what is formed in the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and the 3rd ventricle

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105
Q

what two ventricles form in the rhombencephalon?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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106
Q

what is formed in the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

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107
Q

what is formed in the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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108
Q

from which vesicle does the optic vesicle originate?

A

diencephalon

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109
Q

What happens to the lumen of the mesencephalon?

A

narrows to form cerebral aqueduct

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110
Q

How many different fibre types are there in the brain?

A

3

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111
Q

How are the fibre types in the brain named?

A

According to their origin and destination

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112
Q

Are brain fibres myelinated or non myelinated?

A

Myelinated

113
Q

What’s re the 3 types of brain fibre?

A

Association, projection. Commisural

114
Q

What do association fibres do?

A

Span cortical regions within the same hemisphere

115
Q

Give 2 examples of where association fibres may be found

A

Cinglugate gyrus

116
Q

What do projection fibres link?

A

Cortex to other regions outside the cortex, sun cortical structures

117
Q

Give an examples of where projection fibres are found

A

Internal capsule and corona radiata

118
Q

What are commisural fibres?

A

Communicate between two hemispheres

119
Q

Give 2 examples of where commisural fibres are located

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commisure

120
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Region of the peripheral nervous system where several nerves arising from the spinal cord join

121
Q

What do nerves in a plexus subsequently divide into?

A

Individual nerves

122
Q

What are individual nerves that split from plexi named for?

A

Destination and function

123
Q

What does a plexus allow?

A

Nerve fibres that originated in one nerve can be distributed into another

124
Q

What are the types of plexus?

A

Spinal plexuses and autonomic plexuses

125
Q

What is a spinal plexus?

A

Where spinal nerves containing mixed motor and sensory fibres join

126
Q

What is an example of a spinal plexus?

A

Brachial plexus

127
Q

What is an autonomic plexus?

A

Where splanchich nerves containing autonomic fibres join

128
Q

Give an example of an autonomic plexus

A

Myenteric plexus

129
Q

What other structure can a plexus recur to?

A

A group of blood vessels

130
Q

What is controlled by spinal plexuses?

A

Skeletal muscles and skin

131
Q

What is controlled by autonomic plexuses?

A

Smooth muscle

132
Q

What nerve roots is the brachial plexus formed from?

A

Nerve roots of spinal nerves from C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

133
Q

Which nerve roots join to form nerve trunks?

A

C5, C6 and C8, T1

134
Q

What happens to the nerve trunks in a brachial plexus?

A

Divides into 2 and then reforms/ joins forming cords

135
Q

What do nerve cords which originate from trunks in nerve plexi become?

A

Individual nerve branches (e.g. radial or ulnar nerves)

136
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

A relay of sensation or stimulus which brings about an appropriate, fixed reaction or motor response

137
Q

Where do afferent nerves enter the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root

138
Q

Where do efferent nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

Ventral root

139
Q

Give a brief explanation of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus sensed, sensory nerve, synapse, motor neuron, effector

140
Q

What happens during reciprocal innervation?

A

Stimulus, sensory nerve, inhibitory interneuron. This leads to no opposition of movement required by reflex

141
Q

What does reciprocal innervation basically do?

A

Stops the antagonist of the reflex movement from being activated so that the reflex works

142
Q

What is the spinal cord important in?

A

conveying sensory information from the body to the brain so that it can be experienced as sensation
also conveys information regarding appropriate motor responses coordinated by the brain

143
Q

where are spinal tracts found?

A

white matter of the spinal cord

144
Q

are spinal tracts myelinated or non-mylinated?

A

myelinated as located in white matter

145
Q

what are the 2 types of spinal tracts?

A

ascending and descending

146
Q

What do ascending spinal tracts do?

A

transfer sensory information towards the brain

147
Q

What region of the spinal chord are ascending spinal tracts found in?

A

dorsal

148
Q

what do descending spinal tracts do?

A

transfer motor information back towards the peripheral nervous system

149
Q

what region of the spinal chord are descending spinal tracts found in?

A

tend to be found in the ventral regions of the cord

150
Q

Why does each tract contain different nerve fibre types?

A

because they carry different information types

151
Q

what is a single spinal tract called?

A

fasciculus

152
Q

What is a funinculus?

A

Column of white matter tissue

153
Q

What are the 3 main groups of funinculus?

A

Dorsal or posterior, lateral, ventral or anterior

154
Q

what areas do motor somatic nerves go to?

A

skeletal muscle

155
Q

What does the corticospinal pathway do?

A

Motor information from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, out into periphery to relevant skeletal muscles

156
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Same side of the nervous system

157
Q

What does converlateral mean?

A

Refers to the opposite side of the nervous system

158
Q

what are the 2 branches of the sensory afferent nerves?

A

general and specialised

159
Q

What sides is the nervous system divided into?

A

Left and right

160
Q

What a nociceptors?

A

Receptors that detect noxious stimuli

161
Q

What do autonomic afferents and efferents arise from and go to?

A

the viscera

162
Q

Give 2 examples of areas sensory somatic nerves arise from

A

skin/eyes/ear

163
Q

what areas do motor somatic nerves go to?

A

skeletal muscle

164
Q

What is the somatic nervous system sometimes known as?

A

voluntary

165
Q

What are the 2 components of spinal nerves?

A

motor and sensory

166
Q

what are the 3 nerve types found in the somatic nervous system?

A

afferent sensory, efferent motor and interneurons

167
Q

what are the 2 branches of the sensory afferent nerves?

A

general and specialised

168
Q

What do general sensory afferent nerves detect?

A

touch, vibration etc

169
Q

what do specialised sensory afferent nerves detect?

A

special senses (e.g. sight, hearing)

170
Q

What do autonomic afferents and efferents arise from and go to?

A

the viscera

171
Q

Which of the special senses are autonomic?

A

taste and smell

172
Q

what are the functions of the somatic nervous system?

A

involved in the detection of stimuli from the external environment and control of skeletal muscles

173
Q

What are spinal nerves named according to?

A

the region from which they emerge

174
Q

what does the ventral rami do?

A

supplies muscles and skin associated with limbs and trunk

175
Q

What can be formed from ventral rami?

A

plexuses

176
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs do humans have in total?

A

31

177
Q

How many cervical nerve pairs do all mammals have?

A

8

178
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs do cats and dogs have in total?

A

36

179
Q

how many spinal nerve pairs do horses have in total?

A

42

180
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

area of skin supplied by the afferent fibres of one single spinal nerve

181
Q

what are myotomes?

A

group of skeletal muscles supplied by efferent fibres of one single spinal nerve

182
Q

What does the T10 dermatome cover?

A

the umbilicus, often where pain originates during appendicitis

183
Q

What does the L3 and L4 myotome supply?

A

quadriceps

184
Q

What are myomeres?

A

adjacent blocks of skeletal muscle tissues separated by connective tissue

185
Q

In what species are myomeres often seem?

A

fish (e.g. salmon)

186
Q

What does the visceral nervous system monitor and control?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

187
Q

What is the motor division of the viscera known as?

A

autonomic nervous system

188
Q

what are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

189
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system control?

A

fight/flight

190
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

rest and digest

191
Q

Is the sympathetic or parasympathetic system more widespread in the body?

A

sympathetic

192
Q

What are the 2 types of visceral neurons?

A

general visceral afferent and general visceral efferent

193
Q

where does the visceral nervous system synapse?

A

in the ganglia

194
Q

Where is the cell body of presynaptic neurons of the visceral nervous system located?

A

cell body is in the grey matter of spinal cord

195
Q

where are the postsynaptic neurons of the visceral nervous system located?

A

cell body in ganglion and axon outwards of this

196
Q

Do ganglia vary between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

yes

197
Q

Where are ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

close to the spinal column

198
Q

Where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

proximal to target organ

199
Q

where are pre-vertebral ganglion located?

A

in front of the spinal cord

200
Q

where are para vertebral ganglion located?

A

next to the spinal cord

201
Q

What part of the sympathetic nervous system do the paravertebral ganglia from?

A

sympathetic chain

202
Q

are there any synapses in the sympathetic chain?

A

no

203
Q

What 2 locations do sympathetic neurons originate in?

A

thoracic and lumbar regions

204
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

nerves heading towards sympathetic /visceral structures, usually sympathetic nerves

205
Q

Do parasympathetic nerves have a chain like the sympathetic chain?

A

no

206
Q

where do the parasympathetic nerves originate from?

A

cranial and sacral regions

207
Q

What 4 cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

3, 7, 9 and 10

208
Q

What number cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

10

209
Q

Where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

close to/within the target organ

210
Q

Do parasympathetic nerves join with spinal nerves?

A

no

211
Q

In non-human mammals where is the vagus trunk formed of and what 2 nerves is is formed of?

A

in the neck adjacent to oesophagus

sympathetic nerve and vagus nerve

212
Q

What is ischemia?

A

lack of blood supply

213
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

occlusion of a blood vessel in the brain by a clot

214
Q

How can symptoms of nervous damage differ?

A

depends on site of injury and therefore the type of nerve fibre that has been damaged

215
Q

What are common symptoms of sensory nerve damage?

A

partial/complete loss of sensation

parasthesia (pins and needles)

216
Q

what is parasthesia?

A

pins and needles

217
Q

What are common symptoms of motor nerve damage?

A

weakness/paralysis of muscles
change in muscle tone (rigidity and power)
fascultations (twitching)

218
Q

What is tetraplegia?

A

complete or partial paralysis of all 4 limbs

219
Q

what is paraplegia?

A

paralysis below bracial plexus so arms/forelimbs function but legs/hindlimbs do not

220
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Damage to one of the cerebral hemispheres that leads to paralysis of the side of the body it controls (opposite)

221
Q

what can the formation of a dermoid sinus lead to?

A

infection within the spinal cord

222
Q

What are 2 examples of neural tube defects?

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

223
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing

224
Q

What is the function of the oxypital lobe?

A

vision

225
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

higher mental functions/memory formation

226
Q

What do the nerve endings of sensory nerves relate to ?

A

their functions

227
Q

What are the 2 divisions of sensory neurone?

A

free and encapsulated

228
Q

How does the terminus of sensory process appear in a free sensory neuron?

A

lacks any special ending/association

229
Q

How do free sensory neurons increase the area monitored?

A

branch extensively

230
Q

Where are free sensory neurons most often found?

A

in epidermis and dermal skin layers

231
Q

How does the terminus of sensory process appear in an encapsulated sensory neuron?

A

enclosed in a specialised structure

232
Q

What are 2 examples of encapsulated sensory neurons?

A

messiner corpuscle: light touch, in the dermis

corpuscle of Ruffini: dual mechanoreceptor and thermoreceptor

233
Q

Where are proprioceptors found?

A

within muscle/tendon

234
Q

What is the function of proprioceptors?

A

show degree of strength/stretch and enables CNS to have an idea of location of limb in space

235
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

amplification of stimulus to sensory nerves as a result of tissue damage

236
Q

What is alodenia?

A

reduction of pain threshold as a result of nervous tissue damage. Non-painful stimuli may be interpreted as such

237
Q

What are the majority of muscle fibres made up of?

A

extra fusal muscle fibre

238
Q

What does extra fusal muscle fibre contain?

A

actin, myosin and sarcomeres

239
Q

What do muscle fibres basically do?

A

lengthen and shorten muscle

240
Q

what sort of nerves are muscle fibres innervated by?

A

somatic efferent neurones

241
Q

Why does the CNS need to be receptive to the tone and stretch in muscles?

A

to ensure there is no damage

242
Q

Do muscles contain a slight amount of tension even when relaxed?

A

yes

243
Q

What is the name of the sensory fibres of the PNS that extend into the muscle which measure tension and stretch?

A

muscle spindle

244
Q

What makes up a muscle spindle?

A

composed of intrafusal muscle fibre which has a sensory nerve fibre wrapped around it

245
Q

What part of the brain is information from muscle spindles relayed to?

A

cerabellum

246
Q

What happens to the frequency of action potential in muscle spindles when they stretch?

A

increases

247
Q

What happens to the frequency of action potential in muscle spindles when they contract?

A

decreases

248
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

sensory fibres in tendons that attach to bone

249
Q

What do golgi tendon organs measure?

A

tension recorded by tension created in muscles

250
Q

Where are hair cells found?

A

in inner ear, cochlea and vestibular organs

251
Q

What transduces signals into electrical impulses in hair cells?

A

deformation of hair cells by sound waves or fluid

252
Q

What are lateral line systems?

A

pores on the sides of fish which are sensitive to movement in water and pressure changes

253
Q

What parts of fish behavior do lateral line systems help with?

A

school behavior

254
Q

What is echolocation?

A

animal emits and detects soundwaves to determine the rages between objects

255
Q

Ho do dolphins produce and receive soundwaves during echolocation?

A

air enters blowhole and fills nasal sacs where it vibrates. this produces sound waves which are concentratedin the melon and emmitted as a beam into surrounding water. Vibrations received are felt in the jaw and transfurred to the middle ear where hair cells in the vestibular system are deformed

256
Q

What do radiation receptors pick up?

A

light spectrum

257
Q

What is infra red light linked to?

A

thermoreceptors

258
Q

what is UV light filtered by?

A

human eye, retinal pigments

259
Q

In what species are electrorecptors seen?

A

bony fish and monotrines

260
Q

What is a monotrine?

A

mammal that lays eggs

261
Q

what do electroreceptors produce and detect?

A

electric and magnetic fields

262
Q

What would a gustatory stimulus be triggerd by?

A

taste

263
Q

What sensations other than those produced by chemoreceptors lead to our experience of taste?

A

mechanical texture of food

olfaction

264
Q

What are pheremones produced by?

A

exocrine glands

265
Q

What is the main taste organ?

A

the tongue

266
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?

A

7 and 9

267
Q

Which part of the tongue supplies cranial nerve 7?

A

anterior 2 thirds

268
Q

which part of the tongue supplies cranial nerve 9?

A

posterior third

269
Q

Where are tastebuds located?

A

crits on papilliae

270
Q

What are tastebuds also known as?

A

gustatory cells

271
Q

What parts of the tongue contain tastebuds?

A

valliate
foliate
fungiform

272
Q

Which part of the tongue is involved in general sensation?

A

fileform

273
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex located in the brain?

A

insular region between temporal and poriatal lobes deep into the lateral fissure

274
Q

How are the olfactory nerves stimulated?

A

air is inhaled into nasal passages and picked up by nasal hair and mucous that line the nasal mucosa. Odorants dissolve in mucous and stimulate olfactory nerves

275
Q

Where is the olfactory centre of the brain located?

A

olfactory bulb near the hippocampus

276
Q

What is the main organ involved in pheromone detection?

A

jacobsen’s organ/vomeronasal organ

277
Q

Where is the vomeronasal organ located?

A

nasal septum

278
Q

In what species is a vomeronasal organ found?

A

cats, dogs, reptiles, equines, cows

279
Q

What varies in the usage of the vomeronasal organ between species?

A

how they deliver the pheromone to the organ (e.g. cats and horses inhale to a duct behind their teeth. Snakes use their tongue to gather scent and then touch the organ)

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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