Organ Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is an organ?
A
collection of tissues with a common function
2
Q
What is an organ system?
A
group of organs with a common set of functions
3
Q
What are the 10 main organ systems?
A
intergumentry, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive
4
Q
What is the intergumentry system?
A
the skin
5
Q
What do the dermis and epidermis rest on?
A
hypodermis and subcutis
6
Q
What type of cells is the epidermis made up of?
A
stratified squamous epithelium which is keratinised to various extents
7
Q
What percentage of body fat does the hypodermis store?
A
50%
8
Q
What are the functions of the intergumentry system?
A
protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion
9
Q
What layer of the skin is avascular and aneural?
A
epidermis
10
Q
What is skin colour determined by?
A
melanin, blood flow and stratum corneum thickness (layer of keratin)
11
Q
What is melanin?
A
a skin pigment
12
Q
What is melanin produced by?
A
melanocytes
13
Q
what do melanosomes contain?
A
melanin
14
Q
What does melanin give protection from?
A
UV
15
Q
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
A
papillary and retiucular
16
Q
What does the dermis contain?
A
connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels
17
Q
What is found in the connective tissue in the dermis?
A
fibroblasts (collagen, elastic and reticular fibres), few andipocytes and macrophages
18
Q
What are the blood vessels in the dermis used for?
A
nutrient and waste exchange for the dermis and live epidermis
19
Q
Give an example of smooth muscles found in the dermis
A
erector pili cases the hair to stand up on skin
20
Q
What layer of the dermis are fingerprints produced by?
A
papilary layer
21
Q
What is the function of fingerprints?
A
increase friction and improve grip
22
Q
What is dermal bone?
A
bone that grows within the dermis
23
Q
What is the process of dermal bone growth called?
A
intra membranous ossification
24
Q
How does dermal bone grow?
A
accretion only
25
What does accretion mean?
gradual accumulation of layers
26
What is the outer layer of dermal bone deposited by?
osteoblasts
27
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?
skeletal muscles and the skeleton
28
What is the skeleton made up of?
bones, tendons and ligaments
29
What important function of life does the skeleton allow?
movement
30
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
axial and appendicular
31
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
skull, mandible, spinal column, ribs, sternum
32
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
limbs (thoracic and pelvic), scapula, clavicle
33
What part of the appendicular skeleton is not found in some quadrupeds?
clavicle
34
What does the marrow in long bones produce?
blood cells
35
What is a joint?
a place where 2 or more bones come together
36
What do joints make possible?
movement
37
What are the 3 main types of joint?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
38
How are the articulating surfaces of 2 bones joined in a fibrous joint?
joined with fibrous tissue
39
Is there a joint cavity in fibrous joints?
no
40
How much movement is there between fibrous joints?
little to none
41
What are the 3 types of fibrous joint?
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
42
Where may you find sutures joints?
top of the skull
43
What are syndesmoses joints joined by?
ligaments
44
give an example of a syndesmoses joint
radius and ulna
45
What are gomphoses joints?
one bone is fixed into a socket formed in another
46
give and example of a gomphoses joint
teeth
47
What are cartilaginous joints joined by?
cartilage
48
What sort of cartilage are primary cartilaginous joints made of?
hyline
49
Where would you find primary cartilaginous joints?
growth plates, ribs and sternum
50
What sort of cartilage are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?
fibrocartilage
51
Where would you find secondary cartilaginous joints?
within the pelvis
52
Where are synovial joints found?
in limbs and between vertebra
53
What is the joint contained in in a synovial joint?
synovial capsule
54
What is the function of synovial fluid?
lubricates the joint
55
What are the ends of bones covered by in a synovial joint?
hyline cartilage
56
What do ligaments do?
prevent movement of joint in some directions
57
What are ligaments made of?
dense regular collegenous connective tissue
58
how do muscles attach to bone?
via tendons
59
What can a muscle be attached to?
bone, cartilage or skin
60
Where is the origin of a muscle fixed to?
the least mobile bone or area
61
Where is the insertion of a muscle located?
in the more mobile bone or area
62
What are the 2 main types of muscles?
agonist and antagonist
63
What does an antagonist muscle do?
performs the opposite movement to the agonist muscle
64
How are muscles grouped?
according to function
65
What does the nervous system control?
movement, physiological processes and intellectual functions
66
What sort of system is the nervous system?
regulatory
67
What are the 2 elements of the nervous system?
central and peripheral
68
What makes up the central nervous system?
brain, cerebellum, spinal chord
69
What does the relative size of a structure in the brain reflect?
the importance of that area for a species
70
Where does the spinal chord exit the cranium?
foramen magnum
71
What does the spinal cord run through?
vertebral canal
72
What is white matter?
mylinated fibres
73
What is grey matter?
non-mylinated neuron bodies
74
Where do spinal nerves carrying sensory and motor fibres exit the vertebral canal?
intravertebral formina
75
What are nerve cells called?
neurones
76
What is the role of neurones?
transmit electrical stimuli through the body
77
what are the 3 main components of a neurone?
body, dendrites and axon
78
What do neuralgia do?
support nourish and insulate neurones
79
What is the function of ependymal cells?
produce CSF and move it around with cilia
80
What is the function of microglia?
phagocytic cells which clear nerve cells
81
What do astrocytes form?
form the blood/brain barrier
82
What is the function of schwann cells?
produce mylin for axon insulation, within the PNS
83
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
form mylin sheaths around many cells, within the spinal cord
84
What sort of system is the endocrine system?
regulatory
85
What does the endocrine system produce?
hormones
86
name glands in the body which secrete hormones?
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, overies/testes
87
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
regulates all other glands
88
What is the role of the pineal gland?
regulates circadian rhythms
89
What is the role of the thyroid?
regulates metabolism and homeostasis
90
What is the role of the thymus?
an immune organ, it produces T Lymphocytes
91
Name the 9 functions of the endocrine system
metabolism, ion regulation, immune system regulation, control of blood glucose/nutrient levels, tissue maturation, water balance, heart rate and blood pressure regulation, control of reproductive functions, uterine contractions and milk release
92
Where is the pituitary gland located?
near the brainstem
93
What regulates the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
94
What does the pineal gland affect?
reproductive function
95
What function regulates the effect of the pineal gland in some species?
photoperiod, affected by light e.g. in horses where their season only occurs in spring/summer
96
What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by in humans?
isthmus
97
What does the thyroid affect?
metabolic rate
98
What trace element is found in thyroid hormone?
iodine
99
What can a deficiency in iodine cause?
hypertrophy of thyroid gland
100
Where is the thyroid located?
in the throat
101
Where are the adrenal glands located?
on the kidneys
102
What does the cortex of the adrenal gland release?
corticosteriods, mineral corticoids, androgens
103
What does the medulla of the adrenal glands release?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
104
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
oestrogen and progesterone
105
What hormones do the testes produce?
testosterone
106
What does the reproductive system influence?
behavior
107
What does the reproductive system include?
gonads and products (hormones and gametes) and tubes to transport gametes
108
What is the female reproductive system made up of?
ovaries, uterus, vagina
109
What is the uterus the site of?
fertilisation and foetal development
110
What is the male reproductive system made up of?
testes, ducts, accessory glands, penis
111
What is an example of an accessory gland in the make reproductive system?
prostate
112
What do differences between species of the female reproductive systems depend on?
the number of offspring the mother is able to have at one time
113
How does the uterus of humans, horses, cattle and sheep compare?
large uterus as single offspring is most likely
114
What part of the uterus of quadrupeds is not present in humans?
uterine horns
115
Why are uterine horns large in species that have litters/multiple offspring?
the foetuses develop here
116
How many functional ovaries do reptiles and birds have?
1
117
What may be different about male reproductive organs between different species?
orientation of testes (horizontal or vertical), penis (some become engorged with blood and others unfold/straighten)
118
What is the urinary system the main system for in the body?
excretion
119
Why are kidneys so vital?
some products of body processes (e.g. protein catabolism produces ammonia) are toxic and could kill if not safely removed
120
What do kidneys do?
pressure filter blood to produce urine, process blood plasma, remove waste products from blood, regulate blood pH, water and ion balance.
121
What do the ureters basically do?
transport urine to the bladder
122
What does the bladder do?
stores urine until it can be released
123
What does the urethra do?
transports urine out of the body ( and forms part of the male reproductive tract)
124
Where are the kidneys located?
in the lumbar region
125
What is the hilum?
area of all organs where blood vessels and nerves move in and out
126
What makes up the outer layer of the kidney?
fibrous capsule
127
What is found in the cortex of the kidney?
renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
128
What is found in the medulla of the kidneys?
renal tubules
129
What shapes are formed in the medulla?
pyramids
130
What structure does urine collect in?
calyces
131
Where does urine drain into once it is in calyces?
pelvis of the kidney
132
from the pelvis of the kidney where does the urine go?
out of the hilum through the ureter
133
What is the name of the smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder?
detrusor
134
Where does the detrusor muscle thicken in the bladder and why?
around the urethra to act as internal urethral sphincter
135
What makes the bladder distensable?
rugae stretch to allow the bladder to increase in size, transitional epithelium lines bladder
136
What is the name of the transitional epithelium found within the bladder?
uroepithelium
137
Where else in the urinary system does transitional epithelium line?
ureters and urethra
138
What type of muscle are the ureters and urethra made of?
smooth
139
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
heart, blood vessels and blood
140
What is the function of the cardio vascular system?
transports substances through the body, involved in immune response and temperature regulation
141
What substances does the cardiovascular system transport through the body?
gasses (exchanged at lungs), nutrients, waste products (filtered by kidneys), hormones
142
How is the cardiovascular system involved in an immune response?
transports cells and chemicals to site
143
How is the cardiovascular system involved in temperature regulation?
vasodilation or constriction
144
Where is the heart located?
in the thoracic cavity close to the lungs
145
What sort of pump is the heart?
double
146
What is the left sided pump involved with?
systemic circulation
147
What is the right sided pump involved with?
pulmonary circulation
148
How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
149
What are the names of the 4 chambers?
left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
150
What are the chambers of the heart regulated by?
valves
151
What are differences in the heart between species?
size, shape, orientation, coronary circulation, branching of aorta
152
What is the main artery in the body?
aorta
153
Where does the aorta originate?
exit of left ventricle
154
Which arteries supply the head, thoracic limbs and thoracic structures?
brachiocephallic trunk and subclavian arteries
155
Which arteries supply abdominal structures?
coeliac and mesenteric arteries
156
Which arteries supply the pelvic structures and pelvic limbs?
common iliacs
157
Which vein takes blood from the superior/cranial body to the right atrium?
superior vena cava
158
Which vein takes blood from the inferior/caudal body to the right atrium?
inferior vena cava
159
Which vein delivers blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
160
What system is the lymphatic system closely related to?
cardiovascular
161
What is the lymphatic system made up of?
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
162
What is lymph?
clear fluid that runs in lymph vessels
163
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
fluid balance, fat absorption, defence
164
How does the lymphatic system assist with fluid balance?
removes fluid from tissues, that has not been directly returned to blood vessels.
165
Why is fluid balance important?
reduces oedema and tissue damage
166
Where is fat absorbed from into the lymphatic system?
the digestive tract
167
What are the specialised cells of the lymphatic system which absorb fat in the small intestine?
lacteals
168
How do lymph nodes act to defend the body?
filter microorganisms and act locally if they are encountered
169
What organs produce lymphocytes?
spleen and thymus (only in the young)
170
What is the other role of the spleen in horses and dogs?
stores blood
171
In which body cavity is the respiratory system located?
thoracic cavity
172
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
173
What is the main muscle of respiration?
diaphragm
174
What does the respiratory system include?
lungs and respiratory passages
175
Name the 5 respiratory passages
nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, bronci, trachea
176
Which parts of the respiratory system form the upper and lower respiratory tract?
upper: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
lower: trachea, lungs, bronchi
177
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
oxygen and carbohydrate exchange between blood and air. Regulation of blood pH
178
What happens to air in the nasal cavity?
inspired air is warmed and humidified
179
What does increased humidity in inspired air do?
helps with smell
180
What happens at the pharynx?
oral and nasal cavities meet
181
What is the larynx used for?
pronation and protection of trachea by the epiglottis
182
What 2 species cannot breathe through their mouths due to the epiglottis permanently covering the trachea at the back of the mouth?
horses and rabbits
183
What is the trachea held open by?
incomplete cartilage rings
184
What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?
hyline
185
What are lungs the organ of?
respiration
186
What is exchanged within the lungs?
gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
187
Via what blood vessel do lungs receive de oxygenated blood?
pulmonary arteries
188
What is the texture of the lungs in mammals?
spongy due to alvioli
189
What 2 main parts make up the digestive system?
digestive tract and accessory organs
190
What is the digestive tract?
muscular tube of smooth muscle that goes from mouth to anus
191
What parts of the body make up the digestive tract?
mouth, pharynx, oesophegus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus
192
What are the parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum and illium
193
What are the parts of the large intestine?
caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
194
What are the accessory organs?
salivary glands, liver, pancreas
195
What does the liver do?
produces bile which digests fats and processes products of digestion and blood
196
What does the pancreas do?
secretes digestive enzymes directly into duodenum
197
What are the 6 ways that food is processed during digestion?
ingestion, mastication, propulsion, mixing/secretion, digestion/absorption, elimination
198
What happens during ingestion?
intake of solid/liquid through oral cavity
199
What is mastication?
chewing of food to reduce it's size and expose it to salivary enzymes which will start digestion
200
What is propulsion?
movement of food usually by peristalsis
201
What is the purpose of mixing and secretion during digestion?
food is mixed with digestive enzymes and further broken down
202
What happens during the digestion/absorption phase of digestion?
breakdown of large organic molecules into component parts that can then be absorbed
203
What happens during elimination?
waste products from digestion are removed from the body via faeces
204
What do species digestive systems reflect?
where they live and what they eat
205
What sort of fermenters are cows and sheep?
foregut
206
What do foregut fermenters have in their stomach that enables them to break down cellulose?
bacteria that ferment cellulose
207
What is the relationship between fermenters and the bacteria they use known as?
symbiotic relationship
208
Why do cows and sheep have an expanded stomach?
to accommodate the bacteria
209
What sort of fermenters are horses?
midgut
210
Where are the fermenting bacteria located in midgut fermenters?
caecum and part of the colon
