Cells to Organisms

Question 1

What are the 6 essential characteristics of life?

Answer 1

organisation, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Question 2

What are the 3 defining characteristics of vertebrates?

Answer 2

vetertebral column, 2 semi-circular canals, numerous soft tissue specialisation

Question 3

What is metabolism the ability to do?

Answer 3

break down food and create energy

Question 4

What is metabolism necessary for?

Answer 4

vital functions

Question 5

What sort of cells are most human cells?

Answer 5

eukaryotic

Question 6

Name the 8 key structures of a human cell

Answer 6

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apperatus, mitochondria, cilia, cytoplasm, cell membrane, micro villi

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 7

contains DNA, directs cell activity

Question 8

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

rough ER involved in protein synthesis and smooth ER involved in lipid and carbohydrate manufacture

Question 9

What is the function of the golgi apperatus?

Answer 9

modifies, packages and distributes proteins for internal use and secretion

Question 10

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 10

site of intercellular energy production in the form of ATP, used for aerobic respiration

Question 11

what is the function of cilia?

Answer 11

move material over the cells surface (e.g. up the trachea from the lungs)

Question 12

What is the function of cytoplasm?

Answer 12

fluid inside the cell, catalyses decomposition and synthesis reactions. includes the cytoskeleton (provides cellular support), micro tubules and inclusions

Question 13

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

phospholipid bylayer, separates ECF from ICF, provides attachment between cells

Question 14

What is the function of micro villi?

Answer 14

increase the surface area of the cell

Question 15

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 15

an identical daughter cell

Question 16

How much cell time is spent in interphase?

Answer 16

90%

Question 17

What is happening in the cell during interphase?

Answer 17

cell is between cell division, phase of routine metabolism followed by DNA synthesis, followed by preparation for division

Question 18

How much of the time is the cell undergoing cell division?

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

Answer 19

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 20

How may cells worth of DNA is there at the end of interphase?

Answer 20

2 cells worth

Question 21

What happens during prophase?

Answer 21

DNA condenses into chromosomes

Question 22

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 22

chromosomes line up at the cell centre

Question 23

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 23

cells start to seperate

Question 24

What happens during telophase?

Answer 24

new nuclear envelopes form around the 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 25

How many chromosomes are there in a diploid cell?

Answer 25

46 or 23 pairs

Question 26

What is a karyotype?

Answer 26

the display of 23 chromosomal pairs of a somatic cell during metaphase of mitosis

Question 27

How many chromosome pairs are there in the karyotype?

Answer 27

22 autosomal and 1 sex

Question 28

What happens during meiosis?

Answer 28

chromosome number is halved creating haploid cells

Question 29

What does the parent cell undergo before meiosis?

Answer 29

DNA replication and 2 cycles of nuclear division

Question 30

What happens during meiosis 1?

Answer 30

chromosomes duplicate during interphase and homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic information in a process called synapsis/crossing over

Question 31

What does the exchange of genetic information by homologous chromosomes lead to?

Answer 31

normal genetic variation

Question 32

What happens during meiosis 2?

Answer 32

daughter cells divide again, split from their sister chromatids to form 4 haploid gametes

Question 33

how many chromosomes are there in a haploid gamete?

Answer 33

23

Question 34

What is resolving power?

Answer 34

the ability to see differences between objects

Question 35

How does the resolution of a light microscope and an electron microscope compare?

Answer 35

light microscope has limited resolving power, electron microscope has high resolving power and magnification

Question 36

Why do dyes show structures under a light microscope?

Answer 36

cytoplasmic proteins are acidophillic and therefore absorb an acid dye, nuclei are basophillic and therefore absorb a basic dye

Question 37

What is a commonly used dye?

Answer 37

Haematoxillin and eosin