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X Anatomy 1A > Cells to Organisms > Flashcards

Cells to Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 essential characteristics of life?

A

organisation, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

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2
Q

What are the 3 defining characteristics of vertebrates?

A

vetertebral column, 2 semi-circular canals, numerous soft tissue specialisation

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3
Q

What is metabolism the ability to do?

A

break down food and create energy

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4
Q

What is metabolism necessary for?

A

vital functions

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5
Q

What sort of cells are most human cells?

A

eukaryotic

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6
Q

Name the 8 key structures of a human cell

A

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apperatus, mitochondria, cilia, cytoplasm, cell membrane, micro villi

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains DNA, directs cell activity

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8
Q

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough ER involved in protein synthesis and smooth ER involved in lipid and carbohydrate manufacture

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9
Q

What is the function of the golgi apperatus?

A

modifies, packages and distributes proteins for internal use and secretion

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of intercellular energy production in the form of ATP, used for aerobic respiration

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11
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

move material over the cells surface (e.g. up the trachea from the lungs)

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12
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

fluid inside the cell, catalyses decomposition and synthesis reactions. includes the cytoskeleton (provides cellular support), micro tubules and inclusions

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

phospholipid bylayer, separates ECF from ICF, provides attachment between cells

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14
Q

What is the function of micro villi?

A

increase the surface area of the cell

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15
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

an identical daughter cell

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16
Q

How much cell time is spent in interphase?

A

90%

17
Q

What is happening in the cell during interphase?

A

cell is between cell division, phase of routine metabolism followed by DNA synthesis, followed by preparation for division

18
Q

How much of the time is the cell undergoing cell division?

A

10%

19
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

20
Q

How may cells worth of DNA is there at the end of interphase?

A

2 cells worth

21
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes

22
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the cell centre

23
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

cells start to seperate

24
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

new nuclear envelopes form around the 2 sets of chromosomes

25
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a diploid cell?

A

46 or 23 pairs

26
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

the display of 23 chromosomal pairs of a somatic cell during metaphase of mitosis

27
Q

How many chromosome pairs are there in the karyotype?

A

22 autosomal and 1 sex

28
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

chromosome number is halved creating haploid cells

29
Q

What does the parent cell undergo before meiosis?

A

DNA replication and 2 cycles of nuclear division

30
Q

What happens during meiosis 1?

A

chromosomes duplicate during interphase and homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic information in a process called synapsis/crossing over

31
Q

What does the exchange of genetic information by homologous chromosomes lead to?

A

normal genetic variation

32
Q

What happens during meiosis 2?

A

daughter cells divide again, split from their sister chromatids to form 4 haploid gametes

33
Q

how many chromosomes are there in a haploid gamete?

A

23

34
Q

What is resolving power?

A

the ability to see differences between objects

35
Q

How does the resolution of a light microscope and an electron microscope compare?

A

light microscope has limited resolving power, electron microscope has high resolving power and magnification

36
Q

Why do dyes show structures under a light microscope?

A

cytoplasmic proteins are acidophillic and therefore absorb an acid dye, nuclei are basophillic and therefore absorb a basic dye

37
Q

What is a commonly used dye?

A

Haematoxillin and eosin

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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