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A&P Study Notes > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Four primary tissue types are

A

epithelial (covering)
connective (support)
muscle (movement)
nervous tissue (control)

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3
Q

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

A

Epithelial Tissue

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4
Q

Epithelium has many functions including

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. excretion
  5. secretion
  6. sensory reception
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5
Q

Epitielial tissue occurs as

A

covering and lining epithelium: forms the outer layer of the skin
dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems
covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity
2) glandular epithelium: fashions the glands of the body.

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6
Q

All epithelia have two surfaces

A

apical surface

basal surface

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7
Q

n upper free surface exposed to the exterior or cavity of an internal organ

A

apical surface

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8
Q

How are Epithelia tissue named

A

Indicates the number of cell layers present.
The shape of its cells.
Named by the cells at the apical layer

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9
Q

T or F. Epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated (contains no blood vessels)

A

T

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10
Q

Three common shapes of epithelial cells:

A

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

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11
Q

Concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.
Thin and often permeable.
Found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority

A

Simple Epithelia

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12
Q

Boxlike
About as tall as they are wide
Spherical nucleus
Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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13
Q

Tall and column shaped
Elongated nuclei (from top to bottom)
Located close to the cell base
Lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum.
Mostly associated with absorption and secretion

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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14
Q

Varies in height
All cells rest on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium
Cell nuclei lay at different levels, gives the false impression that there are several layers.
This epithelium secretes or absorbs substances

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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15
Q

Contains two or more cell layers.
Regenerate from below - they divide and push apically to replace the older surface cells.
More durable than the simple epithelial.
Typically found in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as skin surface

A

Stratified Epithelia

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16
Q

most widespread of the stratified epithelia.
Made of several layers, it’s thick and well suited for protection.
Free surface cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal or columnar.
Found in areas with wear and tear.
Surface cells are constantly rubbed away and replaced.
Forms the external part of the skin and extends a short distance into every body opening that’s directly continuous with the skin

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

rare in the body, mostly found in ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat, mammary).

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia

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18
Q

small amounts are found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine

A

Transitional Epithelium

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20
Q

one or more cells that make and secrete (export) a particular product.
The product is called a secretion.
Classified as endocrine (internally secreting) or exocrine (externally secreting), depending on where they release their product.
Also classified as unicellular (one-celled) or multicellular (many-celled) depending on how many cells make up the gland.

A

Gland (glandular epithelia)

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21
Q 
called ductless glands because they eventually lose their ducts.
Produce hormones (regulatory chemicals) secreted directly into the extracellular space.
A

Endocrine Glands

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22
Q

glands that have ducts.
Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities.
Ex. mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.

A

Exocrine Glands

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23
Q

only important example is the goblet cell.
Scattered in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts.
All of these glands produce mucin, which when dissolved, forms mucus

A

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

24
Q

The most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues

A

Connective Tissue

25
Q

four main classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper (includes fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments)
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood

26
Q

Aside from connecting body parts, connective tissue has many functions

A

binding and support
protection
insulation
and as blood, transportation

27
Q

Common characteristics of connective tissue

A

Common origin – arises from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue).
2. Degrees of vascularity:
cartilage is avascular
dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized
other varieties have rich vascularization.
3. Extracellular matrix – composed mainly of nonliving extracellular matrix (made of ground substance and fibers).

28
Q

what are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue

A

Ground substance, fibers, cells

29
Q

unstructured material that fills space between cells and contains fibers.

A

Ground substance

30
Q

Connective tissue fibers do what

A

provides support

31
Q

Three types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

32
Q

Extremely tough and provide high tensile strength to the matrix.
Also referred to as white fibers

A

Collagen

33
Q

long, thick fibers which form branching networks in the extracellular matrix.
Contain a rubber-like protein-elastin, which allows them to stretch and recoil; Sometimes called yellow fibers

A

Elastic fibers

34
Q

fine collagenous fibers continuous with collagen fibers.
Branch extensively.
Form delicate networks which surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue organs.
Abundant where connective tissue abuts other tissue types.
Ex. the basement membrane of epithelial tissues and around capillaries.

A

Reticular fibers

35
Q

undifferentiated cells which are actively mitotic and secrete the ground substance and the fibers characteristic of their particular matrix.

A

suffix “blast”

36
Q

The primary blast cell types by connective tissue class are

A

fibroblast – connective tissue proper
chondroblast – cartilage
osteoblast – bone
hematopoietic stem cell - blood (always actively mitotic)

37
Q

What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?

A

loose connective tissues

dense connective tissues

38
Q

Examples of loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

39
Q

Examples of dense connective tissues

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

40
Q
  1. supporting and binding other tissues.
  2. holding body fluids (ground substance role).
  3. defending against infection (activity of white blood cells and macrophages).
  4. storing nutrients as fats (in fat cells)
A

Areolar Connective Tissue (shared by other connective tissue)

41
Q

flat, branching cells

A

fibroblast

42
Q

Provides a reservoir of water and salt for surrounding body tissues

A

Areolar connective tissue

43
Q

The most widely distributed connective tissue in the body and serves as a kind of universal packing material between other tissues

A

Areolar connective tissue

44
Q

Binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another
Wraps small blood vessels and nerves

A

Areolar connective tissue

45
Q

Surrounds glands
Forms the subcutaneous tissue, which cushions and attaches the skin to underlying structures.
Present in all mucous membranes as the lamina propria

A

Areolar connective tissue

46
Q

The matrix is scanty and the cells are packed closely together, giving a chicken wire appearance to this tissue

A

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

47
Q

Adipocytes predominate and account for 90% of this tissues mass

A

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

48
Q

Usually accumulates in subcutaneous tissue, where it acts as a shock absorber and as insulation.
Helps prevent heat loss from the body
Richly vascularized and highly metabolic

A

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

49
Q

____ fat stores nutrients

A

white

50
Q

_____ fat consumes its nutrient stores to generate heat to warm the body

A

brown

51
Q

Forms a delicate network along which fibroblasts, called reticular cells, lie scattered.
Limited to certain sites.
Can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

52
Q

Contains loosely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue aka fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

It is a white, flexible structure with great resistance to tension (pulling forces) where the tension is exerted in a single direction

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

54
Q

It’s poorly vascularized
Forms tendons, cords which attach muscle to bone, and flat, sheetlike tendons called aponeuroses, which attaches muscle to other muscles or to bones.
Forms ligaments, binds bones together as joints

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

55
Q

Found in the skin as the dermis.
Forms fibrous joint capsules and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs (testes, kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves).

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A&P Study Notes (12 decks)

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