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A&P Study Notes > Cell Structure/Mitosis phases > Flashcards

Cell Structure/Mitosis phases Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid bi-layer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed in it.
The lipid bilayer is basically comprised of phospholipids with a polar “head” that is charged and hydrophilic (likes water) and an uncharged, nonpolar “tail” that is hydrophobic (hates water)

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

minute fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane.
Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.
Found on the surface of absorptive cells such as intestines and kidney tubule cells

A

Microvilli

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3
Q

a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fused together.
Form an impermeable junction that encircles the cell.
Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells

A

Tight Junctions

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4
Q

are anchoring junctions.

Prevents adjoining cells from separating

A

Desmosomes

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5
Q

a communicating junction allowing chemical substances to pass between adjacent cells

A

Gap junctions

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6
Q

the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Most cellular activities occurs here.

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Three major elements comprise the cytoplasm

A

cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles, inclusions

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8
Q

the fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

A

cytosol

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9
Q

the metabolic machinery of the cell.

A

cytoplasmic organelles

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10
Q

chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the cell type.
Ex. stored nutrients.

A

inclusions

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11
Q

specialized cellular compartments, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell

A

Cytoplasmic Organelles

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12
Q

threadlike or sausage-shaped membranous organelle.

The “powerhouse” of the cell, providing the cell with most of its ATP supply

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA. Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities (cisternae).
It coils and twists through the cytosol.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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15
Q

Two varieties of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

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16
Q

External surface contains ribosomes.
ocated in most secretory cells, antibody-producing plasma cells, and liver cells producing most blood proteins.
It’s also the cell’s “membrane factory”.
Integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured here

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

A continuation of the rough ER consisting of tubules arranged in a looping network.
Its enzymes catalyze reactions involved in the following processes:
a. Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of lipid components of lipidproteins.
b. Synthesis of steroid-based hormones such as sex hormones.
c. Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats.
d. Detoxification of drugs, certain pesticides, and carcinogens.
e. Breakdown of stored glycogen to from free glucose.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Consists of stacked and flattened membranous sacs associated with swarms of tiny membranous vesicles.
Principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins.
Major function is to modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER

A

Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

contain digestive enzymes. Abundant in phagocytes (cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris).
Function as cells’ “demolition crew” by:
Digesting particles taken in by endocytosis.
Degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles.
Performing metabolic functions.
Breaking down non-useful tissues.
Break down bone to release calcium ions into the blood.
Lysosomes, if damaged, will self-digest itself by a process called autolysis

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

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21
Q

Hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins.
Determines the overall shape of the cell along with the distribution of organelles.
Mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory granules attached to microtubules.

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

the thinnest elements are strands of the protein actin.
Each cell has a unique arrangement. Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the cell’s plasma membrane which gives strength to the cell’s surface.
Involved in cell motility or changes in cell shape.
Funtions: Actin with myosin help contract muscles and forms the cleavage furrow that pinches a cell in two during cell division.
Also responsible for the crawling movement of amoeboid motion, and for the membrane changes that accompany endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Microfilaments

23
Q

tough, insoluble protein fibers that have a diameter between those of microfilaments and microtubules.
Most stable and permanent element of the cytoskeleton.
High tensile strength and act as internal guy wires to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

24
Q

a region near the nucleus where microtubules are anchored.

Act as a microtubule organizing center and has a granular-looking matrix which contains centrioles

A

Centrosome

25
Q

small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other.
This matrix is known for its generation of microtubules and its role of organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division.
Centrioles also form the bases of cilia and flagella.

A

Centrioles

26
Q

whip-like motile cellular extensions.
Usually they are in large numbers located on exposed surfaces of certain cells.
Function in moving substances in one direction across cell surfaces.
Line the respiratory tract and propel mucus with dust and bacteria out of the lungs.
Propels other substances across the cell

A

Cilia

27
Q

these are longer than cilia.

Ex. sperm, which has a tail which propels the cell. Propels the cell itself

A

Flagella

28
Q

The control center of the cell.
Contains genes and the instructions needed to build nearly all the body’s proteins.
It also dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized at any one time in response to signals acting on the cell.

A

Nucleus

29
Q

three regions of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin.

30
Q

A double membrane barrier which surrounds the nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope

31
Q

spherical bodies within the nucleus.
Associated with nucleolar organizer regions which contain DNA which issues genetic instructions for synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

A

Nucleoli

32
Q

a system of bumpy threads weaving their way through the nucleoplasm (jellylike fluid where nuclear elements are suspended).
Composed of relatively equal amounts DNA and globular histone proteins

A

Chromatin

33
Q

series of changes a cell goes through from the time it’s formed until it reproduces

A

cell life cycle

34
Q

Two major periods of the cell life cycle

A

interphase, cell division (mitosis)

35
Q

the cell grows and carries out its usual activities

A

interphase

36
Q

the cell continues to carry out all its normal functions/activities and rests from dividing

A

Interphase

37
Q

Interphase Divides into three subphases

A

G1, S, and G2

38
Q

cell is metabolically active (making proteins and growing quickly) but the timeframe for this phase varies

A

G1

39
Q

DNA replicates itself, making sure the two new cells will be identical to the original

A

S

40
Q

Enzymes and other proteins needed for division are made and moved to their proper sites and the phase is short; centriole replication is done.

A

G2

41
Q

this must be done before cell division

A

DNA Replication

42
Q

essential for body growth and tissue repair

A

Cell division

43
Q

Involves division of the nucleus

A

mitosis

44
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

45
Q

series of events which parcels out replicated DNA to two daughter cells

A

mitosis

46
Q

what are the four phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

47
Q

(1st phase) Early: microtubule arrays (asters) extend from the centrosome matrix around the centrioles.
The chromatin threads coil and condense forming chromosomes (these are already replicated and are actually called chromatids and are held together by a centromere).
As the chromosomes appear, the nucleoli disappear and the cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble.
The centriole pairs separate and act as focal points for growth of a new set of microtubules called the mitotic spindle.
As the spindle lengthens, they push the centrioles farther and farther apart, propelling them toward opposite ends of the cell.

A

prophase

48
Q

nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle now occupies the center of the cell and interacts with the chromosomes.
Part of the growing spindle attaches to a kinetochore (a protein-DNA complex) at each centromere.
Eventually, the chromosomes comes to the middle of the cell.

A

late prophase

49
Q

Chromosomes cluster in the middle of the cell and their centromeres are aligned at the exact center of the spindle

A

Metaphase

50
Q

begins as the centromeres split and each chromatid becomes a chromosome in its own right.
The kinetochore fibers rapidly disassemble at their ends and gradually pull each chromosome toward the pole it’s facing.
The polar microtubules slide past each other and lengthen and move toward the two poles causing the cell to elongate.
This phase is easy to recognize because the chromosomes look “V shaped”.
This is the shortest phase of mitosis

A

Anaphase

51
Q

starts when the chromosomes stop moving.
identical sets of chromosomes, now at opposite poles, uncoil and resume their threadlike extended-chromatin form.
A new nuclear envelope, re-forms around each chromatin mass.
Nucleoli reappear within the nuclei and the spindle breaks down and disappears

A

Telophase and Cytokinesis

52
Q

Completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

53
Q

begins during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase

A

Cytokinesis

54
Q

begins during late anaphase and occurs after mitosis ends.
The plasma membrane over the center of the cell is drawn inward to form a cleavage furrow.
The furrow deepens until the cytoplasm is pinched in two, producing two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

A&P Study Notes (12 decks)

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