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A&P Study Notes > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

skin is composed of two different regions

A

epidermis

dermis

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2
Q

stores fat

anchors the skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscles)

A

Hypodermis

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3
Q

isn’t really part of the skin but shares some of the skin’s protective functions.

A

Hypodermis

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4
Q

Acts as a shock absorber and an insulator preventing heat loss from the body; thickens noticeably when one gains weight

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

The outermost protective shield of the body

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

Cells of the epidermis

A 
Four types:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans’ cells
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7
Q

Produce keratin (the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties)

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

Synthesize the pigment melanin.

Forms a pigment shield that protects the keratinocyte nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation in sunlight

A

Melanocytes

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9
Q

Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis.

They’re macrophages that help activate our immune system.

A

Langerhans’ cells aka Epidermal Dendritic cells

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10
Q

Located at the epidermal-dermal junction.
Intimately associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending.
The combo is called a Merkel disc and functions as a sensory receptor for touch

A

Merkel cells

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11
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A 
From superficial to deep they are:
stratum corneum
stratum lucidium
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basal
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12
Q

attached to the underlying dermis

A

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

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13
Q

several layers thick; prickly layer

A

Stratum Spinosum

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14
Q

(Granular Layer) – three to five cell layers thick.

A

Stratum Granulosum

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15
Q

(Clear Layer) – consists of a few rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.

A

Stratum Lucidum

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16
Q

(Horny Layer) – outermost layer is 20-30 cell layers thick and accounts for up to ¾ of the epidermal thickness.

A

Stratum Corneum

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17
Q

strong, flexible connective tissue.
Cells found are fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.
Semi-fluid matrix is heavily embedded with collagen,
elastin, and reticular fibers
Binds the entire body together like a body stocking.
It’s your “hide”.

A

Dermis

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18
Q

The major portions of hair follicles, as well as oil and sweat glands reside in

A

dermis

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19
Q

Under the epidermis and makes up the bulk of the skin

A

dermis

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20
Q

How many layers in the dermis and what are they

A

2; papillary and reticular

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21
Q

thin, superficial layer of dermis

A

Papillary

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22
Q

Contains free nerve endings and touch receptors called Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Papillary

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23
Q

On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, papillae lie atop larger mounds called dermal ridges.

A

Papillary

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24
Q

Because sweat pores open along their crests, our fingertips leave identifying films of sweat called

A

fingerprints

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25
Q

is deeper, and accounts for most of the dermal thickness.
Contains elastin and collagen fibers (Collagen fibers give skin strength and resiliency, preventing most jabs and scrapes from penetrating the dermis).
Collagen binds water, keeping skin hydrated.
The elastin provides the stretch-recoil properties of skin

A

Reticular layer

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26
Q

Three pigments contribute to skin color

A

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

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27
Q

made in the skin.

Ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black.

A

melanin

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28
Q

a yellow to orange pigment found in plant products such as carrots.
Accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
Color is most obvious in the palms and soles

A

Carotene

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29
Q

may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

A

Redness or erythema

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30
Q

during fear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress. May also signify anemia or low blood pressure

A

Pallor or blanching

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31
Q

usually signifies a liver disorder

A

Jaundice or yellow cast

32
Q

sign of Addison’s disease, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

A

Bronzing

33
Q

Black and blue marks – reveals where blood escaped from the circulation and clotted beneath the skin

A

hematomas

34
Q

Appendages of the Skin

A

Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hair follicles and hair

35
Q

Distributed all over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

A

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

36
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

37
Q

Role of Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

A

prevent overheating

38
Q

Location of Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

A

abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

39
Q

Secretion of abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

A

Sweat

40
Q

Sweat gland mostly in the axillary and anogenital areas

A

Apocrine sweat glands

41
Q

Secretion is odorless but when its organic molecules are decomposed by bacteria on the skin, it takes on a musky and generally unpleasant odor, the basis of body odor

A

Apocrine sweat glands

42
Q

found in the lining of the external ear canal. Secretes a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen or earwax.

A

Ceruminous glands

43
Q

secrete milk

A

Mammary glands

44
Q

found all over the body except on the palms and soles

Secrete an oily substance called sebum

A

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

45
Q 
secreted into a hair follicle or occasionally to a pore on the skin surface.
Softens and lubricates the hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle.
Slows water loss from the skin when the external humidity is low.
Has bactericidal (bacteria-killing) action.
A

Sebum

46
Q

scale-like modification of the epidermis

A

nails

47
Q

Forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe

A

Nail

48
Q

Main function - sense insects on the skin before they sting us.

A

hair

49
Q

shield the eyes, and nose hairs filter larger particles from the air we inhale

A

eyelash

50
Q

guards the head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

A

hair

51
Q

Chief regions of hair

A

shaft, which projects from the skin.

root, the part embedded in the skin

52
Q

Hairs act as

A

sensitive touch receptors

53
Q

Hair follicles contain a bundle of smooth muscle cells called

A

arrector pili muscle.

54
Q

pulls the hair follicle into an upright position and dimples the skin surface to produce goose bumps in response to cold external temperatures or fear

A

Arrector pili muscle contraction

55
Q

Hair can be classified as

A

vellus or terminal

56
Q

most vulnerable organ system, exposed to bacteria, abrasion, temperature extremes, and harmful chemicals.

A

Integumentary System

57
Q

Three types of barriers in the integumentary system

A

chemical, physical, and biological

58
Q

these include skin secretions and melanin.

A

chemical barriers

59
Q

provides a chemical pigment shield to prevent UV damage to the viable skin cells

A

Melanin

60
Q

provided by the continuity of skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells

A

Physical/Mechanical Barriers

61
Q

barrier that has the Langerhans’ cells of the epidermis, are active elements of the immune system.
The dermal macrophages are a second line of defense to get rid of viruses and bacteria

A

Biological barrier

62
Q

Skin is richly supplied with ___ ___ ____ that are a part of the nervous system

A

cutaneous sensory receptors

63
Q

alert us to bumps or contacts involving deep pressure

A

Pacinian receptors

64
Q

report on wind blowing through our hair and a playful tug on a pigtail

A

Hair follicle receptors

65
Q

sensed by bare nerve endings which wind throughout the skin

A

Painful stimuli

66
Q

most tumors on the skin are benign but some are malignant (cancerous) and metastasize

A

skin cancer

67
Q

protein that causes genetically damaged skin cells to commit suicide

A

Fas

68
Q

accelerate its production of Fas

A

Sunburned skin

69
Q

Least malignant and most common skin cancer.
Cancer lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face.
Appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with a pearly, beaded edge.
Relatively slow growing cancer and metastasis rarely occurs before it’s noticed.
Full cure by surgical excision in about 99% of cases

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

70
Q

Lesion appears as a scaly reddened papule (small, rounded elevation).
Found mostly on the head (scalp, ears, and lower lip) and hands.
Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed.
If caught early and removed chance of complete cure is good.

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

71
Q

Most dangerous skin cancer.
Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.
Accounts for only about 5% of skin cancers, but it is on the rise.
Begins wherever there is pigment on the skin and most cancers appear spontaneously; about one-third develop from pre-existing moles.
Usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch which metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels

A

Melanoma

72
Q

The ABCDE rule is great for recognizing melanoma. What is the ABCDE rule?

A

Asymmetry – two sides of the pigmented spot or mole don’t match
Border irregularity – borders of the lesion exhibit indentations
Color – pigmented spot contains several colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)
Diameter – spot is larger than 6mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser)
Elevation – elevation above the skin surface

73
Q

tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death in affected areas.

A

burns

74
Q

Burns are classified according to their

A

severity (depth) as first, second, or third degree burns

75
Q

Burns-only the epidermis is damaged, Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain.
Tend to heal in two to three days without special attention
Ex. Sunburn

A

First-degree burns

76
Q

Burns-injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.
Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters also appear.
Skin regeneration occurs with little or no scarring within three to four weeks provided no infection sets in

A

Second-degree burns

77
Q

Burns-Involves the entire thickness of the skin.
The burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or blackened and at first there’s no edema.
The nerve endings have been destroyed, the burn isn’t painful.
Skin will regenerate.
Skin grafting is usually done to cover the area(s).

A

Third-degree burns

A&P Study Notes (12 decks)

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