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A&P Study Notes > Ch 14-The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 14-The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The stability of our internal environment depends largely on what?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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2
Q

What does ANS innervate?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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3
Q

ANS is also called what?

A

involuntary nervous system and general visceral motor system

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4
Q

How does ANS differ from the somatic nervous system?

A

It can stimulate or inhibit its effectors

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5
Q

All somatic motor neurons release this at their synapses with skeletal muscle fibers

A

acetycholine (ACh)

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6
Q

Released onto visceral effector organs by autonomic fibers

A

norepinephrine and ACh

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7
Q

ACh and norephinphrine are what?

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Norepinephrine is secreted by?

A

sympatetic fibers

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9
Q

ACh is secreted by?

A

parasympathetic fibers

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10
Q

Depending on the type of receptors on the organ, the effect may be?

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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11
Q

ANS consists of what type of divisions?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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12
Q

T or F. Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions serve the same visceral organs but with opposite effects.

A

T

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13
Q

Promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy

A

parasympathetic

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14
Q

Mobilizes the body during activity

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic division sometimes called?

A

rest and digest system

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16
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division?

A

keeps body energy use as low as possible

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17
Q

The parasympathetic division involves the D activities. What are they?

A

digestion, defecation, diuresis

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18
Q

What is the sympathetic division sometimes called?

A

fight or flight system

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19
Q

The sympathetic division involves the E activities. What are they?

A

exercise, excitement, emergency, embarassment

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20
Q

What are 3 things the sympathetic division promotes adjustments for during vigorous physical activity?

A
  1. Visceral blood vessels constrict, blood is shunted to active skeletal muscles, vigorously working the heart
  2. Bronchioles in lungs dilate, increasing oxygen, the liver releases more glucose into blood
  3. at same time, temporarily nonessential activities are damped
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21
Q

Why is the parasympathetic division also called the craniosacral division?

A

Because preganglionic fibers spring from opposite ends of the CNS (brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord)

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22
Q

Pregaglionic fibers in the cranial part of the parasympathetic division run in the following?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal. and vagus cranial nerves

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23
Q

What cranial nerves supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head?

A

Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal)

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24
Q

The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerves do what?

A

innervate smooth muscles in the eye that cause pupils to constrict and lenses to bulge (to focus on close objects)

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25
Q

The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerves do what?

A

stimulate large glands in the head

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26
Q

Where are the fibers located that activate the nasal gland and the lacrimal gland of the eye

A

Lacrimal nuclei of the pons

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27
Q

The parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerves do what?

A

activate the parotid salivary glands

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28
Q

Provide fibers to the neck and nerve plexuses serving virtually every organ in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

vagus nerves

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29
Q

As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they send branches to the ____ ____, supplying fibers to the heart to slow heart rate, ___ ____ serving the lungs and bronchi, and ___ ____ supplying the esophagus.

A

cardiac plexuses
pulmonary plexuses
esophageal plexuses

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30
Q

When the main trunks of the vagus nerves reach the esophagus, their fibers intermingle, forming what?

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

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31
Q

The vagal trunks ____ the esophagus down to the___ ____

A

ride; abdominal cavity

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32
Q

In the abdominal cavity, vagal trunks do what?

A

Send fibers through the large abdominal aortic plexus before giving off branches to abdominal viscera

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33
Q

Vagus nerves innervate what?

A

liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, proximal half of large intestine

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34
Q

The rest of the large intestine and the pelvic organs are served by

A

sacral outflow

35
Q

Serves the distal half of the large intestines, urinary bladder, ureters, reproductive organs

A

sacral outflow

36
Q

T or F. Sympathetic division innervates more organs

A

T

37
Q

How does the sympathetic division provide pathways to the head?

A

serves the skin and blood vessels

38
Q

Fibers stimulate the dilator muscles of the irises of the eyse

A

sympathetic division

39
Q

Inhibit nasal and salivary glands

A

sympathetic division

40
Q

innervate the smooth muscle that lifts the upper eyelid

A

sympathetic division

41
Q

How does the sympathetic division provide pathways to the thorax?

A

originates at T1-T6

42
Q

The sympathetic division, pathway to the thorax, innervates what?

A

the heart via the cardiac plexus, some innervate the thyroid gland, but most serve the skin

43
Q

Sends information concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera and are the first link in autonomic reflexes

A

visceral sensory neurons

44
Q

Have essentially the same components as somatic reflex arcs-receptor, sensory neurons, integration center, motor neuron, effector

A

visceral reflex arcs

45
Q

What are the 2 differences between somatic reflex arcs and visceral reflex arcs?

A

visceral reflex arc has 2 consecutive neurons in its motor component and the afferent fibers are visceral sensory neurons

46
Q

Neurons on the visceral reflex arcs make up the ____ nervous system, which plays an important role in controlling gastrointestinal tract activity

A

enteric

47
Q

T or F. Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers helps explain the phenomenon of referred pain

A

T

48
Q

Pain stimuli arising in one part of the body are perceived as coming from another part

A

referred pain

49
Q

Major neurotransmitters released by ANS neurons

A

ACh norepinephrine

50
Q

Fibers that release ACh

A

cholinergic fibers

51
Q

Most sympathetic postgaglionic axons release NE and are called?

A

adrenergic fibers

52
Q

Response of visceral effectors depends on

A

neurotransmitters and the receptors they attach

53
Q

T or F. The effects of ACh and NE on their effectors are not consistently excitatory or inhibitory

A

T

54
Q

2 types of receptors that bind ACh are named for drugs that bind to them and mimic acetylcholine’s effects

A

cholinergic receptors

55
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

56
Q

Are all ACh receptors nicotinic, muscarinic, or both

A

either nicotinic or muscarinic

57
Q

When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, the effect is always what?

A

stimulatory

58
Q

The effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors can be either inhibitory, stimulatory, or both

A

inhibitory or stimulatory

59
Q

ANS has two arms (divisions). What are they?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

60
Q

T or F. Most visceral organs receive dual innervation

A

T

61
Q

Where are most antagonistic interactions seen?

A

heart, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal organs

62
Q

Which division is the major actor in controlling blood pressure

A

sympathetic division

63
Q

Division that normally dominate the heart and the smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs

A

parasympathetic

64
Q

Can the sympathetic division override parasympathetic effects during times of stress

A

Yes

65
Q

Except for the adrenal glands and sweat glands of the skin, most glands are activated by what?

A

parasympathetic fibers

66
Q

Mediates reglexes that regulate body temperature

A

sympathetic division

67
Q

Division that increases the metabolic rate of body cells

A

sympathetic division

68
Q

Division that raises blood glucose levels

A

sympathetic division

69
Q

Division that mobilizes fats for use as fuels

A

sympathetic division

70
Q

Division that increases mental alertness by stimulating the reticular activating system of the brain stem

A

sympathetic division

71
Q

All parasympathetic fibers release this

A

ACh

72
Q

Which division produces longer lasting effectis

A

sympathetic activation

73
Q

What makes sympathetic nerve impulses linger?

A

hormonal effects

74
Q

What oversees ANS activity?

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

ANS is regulated by what?

A

CNS control in the spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

76
Q

What is considered the boss of the ANS system and main integration center?

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

What appears to exert most direct influence over autonomic functions in the ANS

A

brain stem reticular formation

78
Q

Control muscles concerned with pupil diameter and lens focus

A

midbrain center (oculomotor nuclei)

79
Q

Defecation and micturition (urination) reflexes that empty the bladder are integrated where?

A

Spinal cord

80
Q

Medial and anterior hypothalmic regions direct which division?

A

parasympathetic function

81
Q

Lateral and posterior areas direct which division?

A

sympathetic function

82
Q

Through the ANS, the hypothalamus coordinates what?

A

heart rate, BP, body temp, h2o balance, endocrine activity

83
Q

Serves as the keystone of the emotional and visceral brain

A

hypothalamus

84
Q

T or F…The hypothalamus influences ANS functioning and behavior

A

T

A&P Study Notes (12 decks)

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