Tissues 2 Flashcards
A diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. It differs from the other three tissue types in that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue
It is diverse in both structure and function, and it is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue
Osteoblasts form _________, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.
Bone
Fibroblasts are cells that form _______________, and fibrocytes maintain it.
fibrous connective tissue
Chondroblasts form __________ and chondrocytes maintain it.
cartilage
They are large cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue.
Macrophages
They are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation.
Mast cells
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major components and these are?
protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid
__________ consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules. It is also shapeless
Ground substance
The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues—for example, they enable bones and cartilage to bear weight. True or false?
True
They resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching.
Collagen fibers
They are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network.
Reticular fibers
They have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.
Elastic fibers
They are large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides. They trap large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.
proteoglycans
Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid. It has thee subdivisions which are areolar, adipose, and reticular. Its most common cell are fibroblasts
Loose connective tissue
It primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.
Areolar connective tissue
A fine network of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) with spaces between the fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes are located in the spaces
Areolar Connective Tissue
Functions as loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated
Areolar Connective Tissue
Widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues
Areolar Connective Tissue
Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage. It pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator.
Adipose tissue
It forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver.
Reticular tissue
Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes, or fat cells, are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell
Adipose Tissue
Functions in packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
Adipose Tissue
Can be found predominantly in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, renal pelves, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, mammary glands, and in loose connective tissue that penetrates into spaces and crevices
Adipose Tissue
Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged
Reticular Tissue
Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues
Reticular Tissue
Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Reticular Tissue
It has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.
There are two major subcategories of this tissue: collagenous and elastic. Examples of this tissue are tendons and ligaments
Dense connective tissue
Matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments; elastic fibers run in connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha) and in the vocal cords; also found in elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
It is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix. It is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water. It provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it resumes its original shape.
Cartilage
________ in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength.
Collagen
three types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints. Also forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the nasal cartilages, and the costal cartilages, which attach the ribs to the sternum (breastbone).
Hyaline cartilag
Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix
Hyaline Cartilage
Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton
Hyaline Cartilage
Can be found in growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, and the embryonic skeleton
Hyaline Cartilage
It has more collagen than hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling. It is found in the disks between the vertebrae (bones of the back) and in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular (jaw) joints.
Fibrocartilage
Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles
Fibrocartilage
Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure
Fibrocartilage
Found in intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and articular disks (e.g., knees and temporomandibular [jaw] joints)
Fibrocartilage
It contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. The elastic fibers appear as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers. Iy is able to recoil to its original shape when bent. The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube contain this cartilage.
Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers
Elastic Cartilage
Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched
Elastic Cartilage
Found in external ears, epiglottis, and auditory tubes
Elastic Cartilage
It is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae.
Bone
This type of bone has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
Spongy Bone
This type of bone is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.
Compact bone
Hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes (not seen in this bone preparation) are located within lacunae; the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae
Bone
Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs, such as the brain; it also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments; the joints of bones allow movements.
It can be found in all bones of the body
Bone
It a liquid connective tissue. It contains a liquid matrix called plasma and formed elements.
Blood
Formed elements of blood are:
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Formed elements and a fluid matrix
Blood
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation
Blood
Found within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the extracellular spaces
Blood
It’s main function is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. The contraction results from contractile proteins located within the muscle cells.
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei
Skeletal Muscle
Functions in movement of the body; under voluntary control and it is attached to bone or other connective tissue
Skeletal Muscle
They are cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions
Cardiac Muscle
It pumps the blood; under involuntary (unconscious) control and is found in the heart
Cardiac Muscle
They are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus and found in hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestine; skin and eyes
Smooth Muscle
Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; under involuntary (unconscious) control
Smooth Muscle
It is a neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; glia, or support cells, surround the neurons. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia
Nervous Tissue
Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store information, and integrate and evaluate data; glia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons
Nervous Tissue
A thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity.
Tissue membrane
- consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective tissue.
- line cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts.
- functions are protection, absorption, and secretion.
Mucous membranes
- line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.
- consist of three components: a layer of simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue.
- do not contain glands, but they secrete a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates the surface of the membranes.
Serous membranes
- line the cavities of freely movable joints.
- made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells.
- produce synovial fluid, which makes the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint.
Synovial membranes
It occurs when tissues are damaged. It produces five major symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.
Inflammation
- involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells.
- can occur by regeneration or replacement.
Tissue repair
The new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.
Regeneration
A new type of tissue develops, which eventually produces a scar and causes loss of some tissue function.
Replacement
