Ecology

Question 1

etymology: oikos (house) + logia (study of), the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment and to other organisms

Answer 1

Ecology

Question 2

It looks at how organisms interact with their habitat

Answer 2

Ecology

Question 3

include the availability of oxygen and inorganicions, light, temperature, wind current or velocity, water availability, among others

Answer 3

Abiotic factors

Question 4

All organisms live within a certain range of values

Answer 4

range of tolerance

Question 5

The conditions under which an organism is most successful lies within the range of tolerance

Answer 5

range of optimum

Question 6

When one of these factors is outside an organism’s tolerance range

Answer 6

limiting factor

Question 7

An organism’s response to an abiotic factor is to orient itself with respect to it

Answer 7

Taxis

Question 8

The ability to do work. This includes everything from foraging for food to moving molecules around within cells

Answer 8

Energy

Question 9

The total energy contained in the food an animal eats

Answer 9

gross energy intake

Question 10

some energy is used to support minimal maintenance activities

Answer 10

existence energy

Question 11

any energy left can be devoted to growth, mating, nesting, and caring for young

Answer 11

productive energy

Question 12

Temperature influences the rates of chemical reactions in animal cells

Answer 12

metabolic rate

Question 13

Warm-blooded animals like birds and mammals

Answer 13

Endothermic

Question 14

In endothermic animals, periods of unusually low body temperature and metabolic rates

Answer 14

controlled hypothermia

Question 15

a time of decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature that may occur daily bats, hummingbirds, and some other small birds and mammals who must feed constantly when they are active

Answer 15

Daily torpor

Question 16

a time of decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature in mammals, such as rodents, shrews, bats, and bears

Answer 16

Hibernation

Question 17

a period of inactivity in some animals that must withstand extended periods of heat and drying

Answer 17

Aestivation

Question 18

Cold blooded animals like amphibian and nonavian reptiles

Answer 18

ectothermic

Question 19

Include interactions that occur within an organism’s own species as well as interactions with organisms of other species

Answer 19

Biotic factors

Question 20

include how populations grow, how growth is regulated, food availability, competition for food

Answer 20

Biotic factors

Question 21

Animal populations change over time as a result of birth, death, and dispersal

Answer 21

Population Growth

Question 22

survive to an old age then die rapidly

Answer 22

Type I

Question 23

have a constant possibility of death throughout their lives

Answer 23

type II

Question 24

experience very high juvenile mortality

Answer 24

type III

Question 25

environmental factors are relatively unimportant in influencing mortality and most individuals live out their potential life span

Answer 25

Type I

Question 26

environment has an important influence on death regardless of an individual’s age

Answer 26

Type II

Question 27

environment is typically harsher on juveniles and its effects reduce significantly as an individual reached adulthood

Answer 27

Type III

Question 28

produce few offspring and the parents invest a large portion of resources to the care and protection of their offspring

Answer 28

Type I

Question 29

intermediate between the extremes of type I and III

Answer 29

Type II

Question 30

produce a huge number of offspring and parents provide little to no care or protection for their offspring

Answer 30

Type III

Question 31

Instead of adding a constant number of individuals to the population, every generation, populations experience this

Answer 31

exponential growth

Question 32

Exponential growth cannot occur indefinitely because space, food, water, and other resources are limited. These constraints are called ?

Answer 32

environmental resistance

Question 33

The population size that a particular environment can support is the environment’s ______________ represented by K

Answer 33

carrying capacity

Question 34

growth curves assume a sigmoid and is referred to as ?

Answer 34

logistic population growth

Question 35

the amount of individuals within a given environment

Answer 35

Population density

Question 36

influence the number of animals in a population without regard to the number of individuals per unit space. (Ex. weather conditions)

Answer 36

Density-independent factors

Question 37

change in relation to the density of the population. Some effects amplify when density is high, some when density is low. (Ex. competition, disease, predation, parasitism, mating)

Answer 37

Density-dependent factors

Question 38

occurs when animals use similar resources and in some way interfere with each other’s procurement of those resource

Answer 38

Competition

Question 39

Competition that happens among members of the same species

Answer 39

intraspecific competition

Question 40

Competition that happens among members of different species

Answer 40

interspecific competition

Question 41

It states that when resource requirements are identical, one species may be forced to move or become extinct

Answer 41

Competitive exclusion principle

Question 42

occurs when competing species evolve different adaptations

Answer 42

Specialization

Question 43

the sum total of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment

Answer 43

niche

Question 44

________ is the entire niche that a species is capable of using whereas the ________ is the actual niche that a species occupies

Answer 44

fundamental niche; realized niche

Question 45

occurs when there is a significant barrier to reproduction and range separate populations of species

Answer 45

Speciation

Question 46

the change in characteristics of a population over several generations

Answer 46

Evolution

Question 47

occurs when there are no longer any members of a population of a species that survives

Answer 47

Extinction

Question 48

This can occur when species use resources in slightly different ways, at different times, or occupy different parts of the environment for shelter

Answer 48

Coexistence

Question 49

This occurs when one or more ecologically related species exerts a strong selective influence on one another

Answer 49

Coevolution

Question 50

coevolution can occur when a change toward greater predator efficiency is countered by increased elusiveness of prey

Answer 50

predator-prey relationships

Question 51

coevolution is obvious

Answer 51

plant-pollinator relationships

Question 52

Interactions can result in neutral, positive, or negative relationships among different organisms

Answer 52

Symbiosis

Question 53

one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival

Answer 53

obligate

Question 54

organisms can generally live independently

Answer 54

facultative

Question 55

any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or ducts of exocrine glands

Answer 55

Ectosymbiosis

Question 56

any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives in the tissues of another, whether in cells or extracellularly

Answer 56

endosymbiosis

Question 57

usually provide nutrients that the host needs

Answer 57

Endosymbionts

Question 58

This is when an organism consumes another organism as a source of nutrition

Answer 58

Predation and herbivory

Question 59

this is an interspecies relationship wherein both species benefit from the partnership

Answer 59

Mutualism

Question 60

this is an interspecies relationship where one species benefits but the other species does not get any significant benefits or harms

Answer 60

Commensalism

Question 61

this is a relationship wherein one organism benefits from another while also causing harm

Answer 61

Parasitism

Question 62

includes all instances of animals avoiding detection, including visual, chemical, and auditory crypsis

Answer 62

Crypsis

Question 63

occurs when a species resembles one or more other species and gains protection by the resemblance

Answer 63

Mimicry

Question 64

some animals that protect themselves by being distasteful to predators advertise their condition by conspicuous coloration

Answer 64

Aposematic coloration

Question 65

Most communities have certain members that have immense importance in determining community characteristics due to their abundance or activity called the?

Answer 65

keystone species

Question 66

refers to the total amount of variations in a population (genetic diversity), community (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity)

Answer 66

Biodiversity

Question 67

the variety of species per unit area

Answer 67

Species diversity

Question 68

It is the variety of ecosystems in a given area

Answer 68

ecosystem diversity

Question 69

The niche of any species includes all the attributes of an animal’s lifestyle: where it looks for food, what it eats, where it nests, and what conditions of temperature and moisture it requires

Answer 69

Ecological Niche

Question 70

A niche in which anywhere that an organism can thrive

Answer 70

fundamental niche

Question 71

A niche in which an organism actually occupies

Answer 71

realized niche

Question 72

change over long periods of time, largely due to the activities of the plants and animals present

Answer 72

ecological succession

Question 73

a process in which organisms occupy a site and change its environmental conditions

Answer 73

Succession

Question 74

organisms use resources, die, and decay thus turning eventually into soil

Answer 74

pioneer community

Question 75

these have higher growth rates and greater biomass than later seres but they usually have lower species diversity

Answer 75

seral stage or sere

Question 76

These usually have very complex structures, high species diversity, and slower rates of biomass production

Answer 76

climax community

Question 77

Formulated the laws of ecology

Answer 77

Barry Commoner

Question 78

The first law of ecology, which states humans and other species are connected/dependant on a number of other species

Answer 78

Everything is connected to everything else

Question 79

The second law of ecology, which states no matter what you do, and no matter what you use, it has to go somewhere

Answer 79

Everything must go somewhere

Question 80

The third law of ecology, which states holds that any major man-made change in a natural system is likely to be detrimental to that system

Answer 80

Nature knows best

Question 81

The fourth law of ecology, which states that the exploitation of nature always carries an ecological cost

Answer 81

There is no such thing as a free lunch