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Zoology > Cell Anatomy & Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy & Physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A cell’s characteristic is determined by the type of proteins produced. True or false?

A

True

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2
Q

The proteins produced are in turn determined by the genetic information in the nucleus. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

Information in protein provides the cell with a code for its cellular processes. True or false?

A

False, it should be DNA not proteins

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4
Q

DNA contains the information that directs protein synthesis; a process called ________

A

Gene expression

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5
Q

A DNA molecule consists of __________ joined together to form two ___________ strands

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

Each nucleotide consists of what?

A

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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7
Q

a sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

A

Gene

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8
Q
  • Found within the cell nucleus
  • Stores and transfers genetic information
    = Passed from existing cells to new cells during cell division
A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q
  • Occurs in all parts of the cell
  • Vital in the synthesis of proteins
A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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10
Q

The main structural difference between ribose and 2-deoxyribose is the absence of oxygen on the 1st carbon (counterclockwise from O). True or false?

A

False, it’s the absence of oxygen on the 2nd carbon

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11
Q

Ribose is present in ____
2-deoxyribose is present in _____

A

RNA ; DNA

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12
Q

How many nitrogenous heterocyclic bases in nucleic acids?

A

5 nitrogenous heterocyclic bases

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13
Q

Give the 3 pyrimidine derivatives

A
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (T; found only in DNA),
  • Uracil (U; found only in RNA)
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14
Q

Give the 2 purine derivatives

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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15
Q
  • Derived from phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
  • Loses 2 hydrogen atoms, resulting in the formation of a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO₄2–)
A

Phosphate

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16
Q

Amounts of A and G were always equal. Amounts of C and U were always equal. True or false?

A

False, A = T/U ; C = G

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17
Q

Human DNA contains:
30% adenine
30% thymine
20% guanine
20% cytosine

True or false?

A

True

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18
Q

Guanine always pairs with cytosine, adenine always pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA aka ___________

A

complementary pairs

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19
Q

explains the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (i.e. gene expression) to make a functional protein product (protein synthesis)

A

central dogma of molecular biology

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20
Q

creates more copies of DNA using pre-existing DNA as templates

A

Replication

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21
Q

information from DNA is transferred to a single-stranded RNA

A

Transcription

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22
Q

RNA enters the ribosome which takes the information and synthesizes long polypeptide chains of amino acids

A

Translation

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23
Q

DNA replication is catalyzed by __________ which ensures correct base pairing and formation of phosphodiester linkages

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

The other strand grows in segments in the opposite direction

A

Okazaki fragments

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25
Q

The segments are connected by

A

DNA ligase

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26
Q

DNA replication usually occurs at multiple sites within the molecule. _____________ occurs at these sites while _____________ enables rapid replication of large molecule

A

Bidirectional replication ; Multiple-site replication

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27
Q

formed by the interaction of newly-replicated DNA molecules with histones

A

Chromosomes

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28
Q

A segment of a DNA strand responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

A

Gene

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29
Q

Most human genes comprise of how many nucleotide units?

A

1000–3500

30
Q

All of the genetic material contained in the chromosomes of an organism

A

Genome

31
Q

Formed by DNA transcription

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

32
Q

Carries instructions for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

33
Q

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA

A

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

34
Q

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

35
Q

Delivers amino acids to sites for protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

36
Q

The information needed to make and order the appropriate sequence of amino acids during translation can be found in the ______

A

Exons

37
Q

They are interspersed between exons and undergo splicing to be spliced out.

A

Introns

38
Q

A process of producing several different proteins from a single gene. Involves splicing of an nRNA molecule with multiple exons

A

Alternative splicing

39
Q

All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome

A

Transcriptome

40
Q

The base sequence of an mRNA molecule involves 4 different bases. These are?

A

A, C, G & U

41
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

A

Codon

42
Q

The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids

A

Genetic code

43
Q

This is an initiator of protein synthesis

A

AUG

44
Q

They are codons that stop protein synthesis

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

45
Q

The process in which mRNA codons are deciphered and a specific protein molecule is synthesized in the ribosome

A

Translation

46
Q

The translation process can be divided into three phases. These are?

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

47
Q

Act as intermediaries to deliver amino acids to mRNA

A

Transfer RNA or tRNA

48
Q

a ribosomal RNA-protein complex that is the site for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

49
Q

the A site binds to the incoming aminocyl tRNA which carries the new amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

A

Aminoacyl Binding Site

50
Q

the P site holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain

A

Peptidyl Binding Site

51
Q

the E site holds the tRNA without its amino acid which is then released by the ribosome

A

Exit Site

52
Q

involves the positioning of the translation complex or the elongation-competent 80S ribosome at the initiation codon and requires energy in the form of ATP

A

initiation

53
Q

the small subunit reads the mRNA, the larger subunit adds the appropriate amino acid to the polypeptide chain using transfer RNA or tRNA

A

elongation

54
Q

occurs when the ribosome reaches a stop codon

A

Termination

55
Q

occurs to increase the number of cells or replace damaged or dying ones

A

cell division

56
Q

The cell cycle includes two major phases: a nondividing phase, called ______, and a cell dividing phase, termed _______.

A

Interphase; mitosis

57
Q

during which the cell carries out normal metabolic activity

A

G₁ phase

58
Q

during which the DNA is replicated

A

S phase

59
Q

during which the cell prepares to divide

A

G₂ phase

60
Q

At the end of interphase, a cell has how many complete sets of genetic material?

A

Two complete sets

61
Q

A cell can also enter a ________, sometimes called the alternative phase of the cell cycle. Some cells enter this phase temporarily until an outside signal triggers the onset of G₁

A

G₀ phase

62
Q

involves the formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Mitosis

63
Q

The chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes. Microtubules, termed spindle fibers, form to assist in breaking the centromere between the chromatids and move the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. The nuclear membrane dissolves.

A

Prophase

64
Q

The chromosomes align near the center of the cell. The movement of the chromosomes is regulated by the attached spindle fibers.

A

Metaphase

65
Q

the chromatids separate and each chromatid is called a chromosome. Each of the two sets of chromosomes is moved by the spindle fibers toward the centriole at one of the poles of the cell. At the end of this phase, each set of chromosomes has reached an opposite pole of the cell, and the cytoplasm begins to divide.

A

Anaphase

66
Q

The chromosomes in each daughter cells become organized to form two separate nucleim one in each newly formed daughter cell. The chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase.

A

Telophase

67
Q

The process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions is called __________

A

differentiation

68
Q

labile commitment or able to be altered, depending of different factors

A

Specification

69
Q

stable commitment or irreversible specification, regardless of other factors in its environment

A

Determination

70
Q

overt change of the initial cell into a specific cell type

A

Differentiation

71
Q

termed programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled.

A

Apoptosis

Zoology (6 decks)

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