Cell Anatomy & Physiology 2 Flashcards
It is between plasma membrane and nucleus and the site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
the vicious, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
Cytosol
proteins, salts, sugar and other solutes dissolve in
Cytosol
aggregates of chemicals produced or taken in by the cell and includes stored nutrients: glycogen (liver & muscle cells), lipid (fat cells), pigment ( skin & hair) and hemoglobin (red blood cells)
Inclusions
a compact storage of carbs and the body ay use it in workouts but food replenishes it
Glycogen
Red blood cells have hemoglobin for __________
oxygen transport
small organs with its own function
Organelles
What are the 2 classifications of Organelles
Membranous/membrane-bound and
Non-membranous
needs own equilibrium to function
Membranous/membrane-bound
large organelle near the center of the cell
Nucleus
has inner and outer membrane that is bonded by the nuclear envelope and contains nuclear pores where materials can pass through
Nucleus
How many choromosomes does the nuclei of humans have?
23 Chromosomes
a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
Histones
During most cell’s life, chromosomes are loosely coiled and called
chromatin
different subunits of ribosomes are formed and exit in ________
nuclear pores
produced in nucleus and includes rRNA and proteins
Ribosomes
Unattached ribosomes are called?
free ribosomes
form sacs and tubules
Endoplasmic Reticulum
protein synthesis and are abundant in secretory cells, antibody-producing immune cells and liver cells
Rough ER
lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification and stores calcium ions and functions in metabolism and synthesis of lipids
Smooth ER
detoxifies drugs, certain pesticides, and cancer causing chemicals
Smooth ER
integral proteins and phospholipids are produced in
Rough ER
closely packed stacks of curved, membrane bound sacs that collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER
Golgi Apparatus
Forms vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: cis face is?
Incoming proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Apparatus: trans face is?
departure of newly formed vesicles from the golgi apparatus
process that brings material into cell using vesicles
Endocytosis
occurs when a specific subtance binds to the receptor molecule
receptor-mediated endocytosis
“cell eating”
Phagocytosis
“cell drinking”
Pinocytosis
opposite of endocytosis and involves use of secretory vessels
Exocytosis
membrane-bound sacs are called ________
secretory vessels
membrane bound vesicles that contains variety of enzymes
Lysosomes
intracellular digestive systems
Lysosomes
self digestion if cell ruptures
autophagy
abundant in phagocytes
Lysosomes
vesicles formed by endocytosis fuse with lysosome to break down materials
Lysosome Action
small membranous vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other free radicals
Peroxisomes
reproduce by pinching in half but most bud off to the ER
Peroxisomes
is a byproduct of fatty acids and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell & is broken down into water or used in other reactions
hydrogen peroxide
responsible for producing ATP by aerobic metabolism. It has outer and inner membrane
Mitochondria
inner membrane of mitochondria forms ________, which is a gel-like substance that protrude into the matrix
cristae
Mitochondria doesn’t reporduce with the cell — produces its own energy via _____________
endosymbiosis
used to be free living organisms ; thought to be eaten by bigger cells
Mitochondria
skeleton of all cells and consists of protein structures that support the cell, holds organelles, and enables cell to change shape
Cytoskeleton
What are the 3 cytoskeletal elements?
microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
smallest kind of site for cells, has two subunits — globular actin and filamentous actin — and is able to shorten or contract
Microfilaments
bigger than microfilaments; smaller than microtubules and the mechanical support
Intermediate filaments
hollow structure from protein subunits: alpha and beta tubulin. It help support cytoplasm, assist in cell division, form essential components like flagella and cilia
Microtubules
support cytoplasm and determine cell shape
globular actin and filamentous actin
where formation of microtubules occurs
Centrosome
2 centrioles are _____________ to each other
perpendicular
contain microtubule triplets and is involved in mitosis
centriole
cellular project of surface of cells and is responsible for movement of materials on top of cells
Cilia
cylindrical structures that extend from the cell and is composed of microtubules
Cilia
structure similar to cilia but much longer
Flagella
usually only occur once per cell
Flagella
supported by microfilaments and don’t actively move
Microvilli
supported by microfilaments and don’t actively move
Microvilli
