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Zoology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Describes all of the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

What is the goal of metabolism?

A

Convert initial substrate

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3
Q

A series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually resulting in a final product or products

A

Metabolic pathway

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4
Q

Two types of metabolism:

A

Anabolism and catabolism

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5
Q

The four general stages in the biochemical
energy production:

A

Stage 1: Digestion
Stage 2: Acetyl group formation
Stage 3: Citric acid cycle
Stage 4: Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Mouth

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7
Q

What is the end product of digestion?

A
  • Glucose and monosaccharides
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids and glycerol
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8
Q

Where does acetyl group formation occurs?

A

Cytosol and mitochondria

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9
Q

The end product of acetyl group formation?

A

acetyl CoA and reduced coenzyme NADH

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10
Q

Where does citric acid cycle take place in?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

What is the end product of citric acid cycle?

A

CO2 and energy

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12
Q

In citric acid cycle, citrate is turned into?

A

Isocitrate

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13
Q

In citric acid cycle, Isocitrate is turned into?

A

a-ketoglutarate

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14
Q

In citric acid cycle, a-ketoglutarate is turned into?

A

Succinyl-Coenzyme A

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15
Q

In citric acid cycle, Succinyl-Coenzyme A is turned into?

A

Succinate

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16
Q

In citric acid cycle, Succinate is turned into?

A

Fumarate

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17
Q

In citric acid cycle, Fumarate is turned into?

A

Malate

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18
Q

In citric acid cycle, Malate is turned into?

A

Oxaloacetate

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19
Q

In citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate is turned into?

A

Citrate

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20
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

The end product of electron transport chain

A

ATP

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22
Q

the molecule that makes energy available within all cells.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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23
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

24
Q

True or false: Adenosine is a nucleoside

A

True

25
Q

What is ATP comprised of?

A

nitrogen-containing base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups

26
Q

Organelles most responsible for energy conversions. They can also multiply and increase their numbers when energy demands increase.

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

Catalysts that do not get incorporated into the products of their reaction.

A

Enzymes

28
Q

Requires oxygen to metabolize glucose and produce ATP

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

29
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration has three stages:

A
  • Glycolysis.
  • The citric acid cycle.
  • The electron transport chain
30
Q

Glucose has how many carbons

A

Six

31
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

Which steps in glycolysis uses 1 ATP each?

A

Steps 1 and 3

33
Q

Which steps in glycolysis produce 2 ATP?

A

Steps 7 and 10

34
Q

The first set of reactions animals use to harvest energy occurs in the cytoplasm.

A

Glycolysis

35
Q

10-step metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate (a C₃ molecule)

A

Glycolysis

36
Q

End product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

37
Q

The control ponts of glycolysis:

A

Steps 1, 3, and 10

38
Q

Both pyruvate kinase (Step 10) and phosphofructokinase (Step 3) are?

A

allosteric enzymes

39
Q

How many ATP are produced in krebs cycle

A

2

40
Q

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis and the net gain.

A

4; 2

41
Q

How many ATP are produced in skeletal muscle and nerve cells

A

30

42
Q

How many ATP are produced in heart and liver cells

A

32

43
Q

Is the series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH₂ and NADH are produced

A

Citric Acid Cycle

44
Q

Also know as:
- Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) - Presence of three carboxylate groups in citric acid
- Krebs cycle - Named after Hans Krebs who elucidated this pathway

A

Citric Acid Cycle

45
Q

Krebs cycle is named after:

A

Hans Krebs

46
Q

Important reactions in the citric acid cycle include:

A

Reduction and decarboxylation

47
Q

In every turn of CAC it produces:

A

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

48
Q

Series of biochemical reactions in which intermediate carriers aid the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH₂

A

The Electron Transport Chain

49
Q

Complex I of ETC:

A

NADH–coenzyme Q reductase

50
Q

Complex II of ETC:

A

Succinate–coenzyme Q reductase

51
Q

Complex III of ETC:

A

Coenzyme Q–cytochrome c reductase

52
Q

Complex IV of ETC:

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

53
Q

Two mobile electron carriers

A

Coenzyme Q and cytochrome c

54
Q

Process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP using the energy released in the electron transport chain

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

Pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reaction

A

Coupled reactions

56
Q

is used in a versatile set of metabolic pathways—the pathways can do much more than metabolize glucose

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Zoology (11 decks)

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