Tissues 2

Question 1

What are glands?

Answer 1

Collections of secretory epithelial cells (mostly)
Single celled or multicellular

Question 2

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 2

Exocrine (secrete into tubes), and
Endocrine (secrete into blood)

Question 3

Development of exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 3

Exocrine- epithelium dips down and maintains connection to surface
Endocrine- cuts off from the surface

Question 4

Shapes of exocrine glands?

Answer 4

Simple- tubular (longer horseshoe shape) and acinar (shorter)
Compound- (more complex) tubuloacinar

Question 5

Give the two examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 5

Mucous and serous glands

Question 6

Describe mucous glands?

Answer 6

-secretion rich in proteoglycans
-secretion and water gives mucus
e.g. mucous glands of trachea and gastrointestinal

Question 7

Describe serous glands?

Answer 7

-watery, with enzymes
-protein rich secretion
-e.g. exocrine pancreas

Question 8

Merocrine gland secretion method?

Answer 8

-remain whole glands
-vesicles get secreted out by exocytosis into lumen of secretory unit
-most exocrine glands secrete this way

Question 9

Apocrine gland secretion method?

Answer 9

-apex of cell and secretion gets secreted into lumen

Question 10

Holocrine gland secretion method?

Answer 10

-whole cell becomes secreted
-cell regenerated by mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 11

Where would you find merocrine gland secretion?

Answer 11

thyroid gland

Question 12

Where would you find apocrine gland secretion?

Answer 12

breast glands

Question 13

Where would you find holocrine gland secretion?

Answer 13

sebaceous glands for e.g. hair follicle

Question 14

What cells help exocrine secretions come out?

Answer 14

-myoepithelial cells
-single cell, muscular type cells
-squeeze the acinus

Question 15

How do endocrine glands secrete?

Answer 15

-proteinaceous in secretion

Question 16

Pancreas glands?

Answer 16

-pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine secretions
-endocrine secrets insulin and glucagon

Question 17

Abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

Answer 17

-over-proliferation
under-proliferation
over-secretion
under-secretion
loss of cilia / ciliary beat

Question 18

Abnormal functions of pituitary glands?

Answer 18

Growth hormone

Over production – pituitary gigantism

Under production – pituitary dwarfism

Question 19

Abnormal functions of uterine tube?

Answer 19

Mucous glands (single cell glands)

Chlamydia trachomatis (STD)

 Thick mucus

Ovum/sperm trapped – infertility

Question 20

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 20

Blood / bone marrow
Mucous
Reticular
Loose
Dense - regular
Dense - irregular
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose (fat)

Question 21

What makes up collective tissue?

Answer 21

-cells and ECM
-collective has fewer cells than epithelial

Question 22

What makes up ECM?

Answer 22

• fibres (ropelike)
• ground substance ( jelly like)
  -tissue fluid (liquid)

Question 23

What makes up fibres?

Answer 23

-mainly collagen - reticulin (more irregularly arranged)
-elastin - form in sheets and wavy

Question 23

What do collagen fibres look like?

Answer 23

-Collagen fibres look like skeletal muscle with striations
-periodicity of collagen fibres

Question 24

What percent of body weight is collagen?

Answer 24

30%

Question 25

What are characteristics of collagen?

Answer 25

-inelastic but flexible
-strong
-great tensile strength

Question 26

How many types of collagen is there?

Answer 26

19+ types

Question 27

What type of collagen is in tendons?

Answer 27

type 1

Question 28

What type of collagen is reticulin?

Answer 28

type 3

Question 29

What type of collagen in basal lamina? (non fibrous)

Answer 29

type 4

Question 30

How does collagen form?

Answer 30

-form from cells known as fibroblasts
-fibroblasts blast out fibres
-collagenase enzyme secreted too by fibroblasts
-winds procollagen (secreted by fibroblasts) into triple stranded helix
-collagen fibril formed
-collagen fibre

Question 31

Describe some characteristics of elastic fibres?

Answer 31

-tend to find in most blood vessels
-consists of protein elastin
-can stretch 1.5 x resting length and can return to normal shape
-microfibrils and amorphous component
-generally found in sheets rather than fibres
-yellow in colour (aorta)

Question 32

What is ground substance of ECM composed of?

Answer 32

-semi solid gel
-proteoglycons (protein core and carb attached)
for r.g. Hyaluronic acid
Glycoprotein ( carb with protein attached) -more protein

Question 33

What are the permanent cells in loose connective tissue?

Answer 33

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Mast cells
Undifferentiated mesenchyme cells

Question 34

What are the transient cells in loose connective tissue?

Answer 34

white blood cells

Question 35

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 35

dense - regular
dense - irregular

Question 36

Where might you find dense regular and irregular?

Answer 36

regular- tendon
irregular- dermis

Question 37

Describe dense regular and irregular?

Answer 37

regular- cells in parallel rows, needs to pull in one direction, strong
irregular- more elastic
-can move in more directions

Question 38

Abnormal functions of connective tissue?

Answer 38

Blood / bone marrow - leukaemia (too many WBC)

Loose / dense - loss/abnormal fibres
(epidermolysis bullosa)
Cartilage - tear

Bone – osteoporosis (rigid) /petrosis (thick)

Question 39

What does a benign tumor look like?

Answer 39

not spread through basal lamina

Question 40

What does a malignant tumour look like?

Answer 40

penetrated through basal lamina

Question 41

How does tumor spread?

Answer 41

-cells grow as benign tumor in epithelium
-cells become invasive and enter capillary (malignant)
-cells adhere to blood vessel wall in liver
-escape from blood vessel to form micromestasis
-colonize liver forming full blown metastasis