Tissues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cum glands?

A

Collections of secretory epithelial cells (mostly)
Single celled or multicellular

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2
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine (secrete into tubes), and
Endocrine (secrete into blood)

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3
Q

Development of exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine- epithelium dips down and maintains connection to surface
Endocrine- cuts off from the surface

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4
Q

Shapes of exocrine glands?

A

Simple- tubular (longer horseshoe shape) and acinar (shorter)
Compound- (more complex) tubuloacinar

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5
Q

Give the two examples of exocrine glands?

A

Mucous and serous glands

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6
Q

Describe mucous glands?

A

-secretion rich in proteoglycans
-secretion and water gives mucus
e.g. mucous glands of trachea and gastrointestinal

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7
Q

Describe serous glands?

A

-watery, with enzymes
-protein rich secretion
-e.g. exocrine pancreas

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8
Q

Merocrine gland secretion method?

A

-remain whole glands
-vesicles get secreted out by exocytosis into lumen of secretory unit
-most exocrine glands secrete this way

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9
Q

Apocrine gland secretion method?

A

-apex of cell and secretion gets secreted into lumen

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10
Q

Holocrine gland secretion method?

A

-whole cell becomes secreted
-cell regenerated by mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

Where would you find merocrine gland secretion?

A

sweat, salivary glands , pancreas

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12
Q

Where would you find apocrine gland secretion?

A

breast glands

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13
Q

Where would you find holocrine gland secretion?

A

sebaceous glands for e.g. hair follicle

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14
Q

What cells help exocrine secretions come out?

A

-myoepithelial cells
-single cell, muscular type cells
-squeeze the acinus

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15
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete?

A

-proteinaceous in secretion

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16
Q

Pancreas glands?

A

-pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine secretions
-endocrine secrets insulin and glucagon

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17
Q

Abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

A

-over-proliferation
under-proliferation
over-secretion
under-secretion
loss of cilia / ciliary beat

18
Q

Abnormal functions of pituitary glands?

A

Growth hormone

Over production – pituitary gigantism

Under production – pituitary dwarfism

19
Q

Abnormal functions of uterine tube?

A

Mucous glands (single cell glands)

Chlamydia trachomatis (STD)

 Thick mucus

Ovum/sperm trapped – infertility

20
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Blood / bone marrow
Mucous
Reticular
Loose
Dense - regular
Dense - irregular
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose (fat)

21
Q

What makes up collective tissue?

A

-cells and ECM
-collective has fewer cells than epithelial

22
Q

What makes up ECM?

A
  • fibres (ropelike)
  • ground substance ( jelly like)
    -tissue fluid (liquid)
23
Q

What makes up fibres?

A

-mainly collagen - reticulin (more irregularly arranged)
-elastin - form in sheets and wavy

23
Q

What do collagen fibres look like?

A

-Collagen fibres look like skeletal muscle with striations
-periodicity of collagen fibres

24
What percent of body weight is collagen?
30%
25
What are characteristics of collagen?
-inelastic but flexible -strong -great tensile strength
26
How many types of collagen is there?
19+ types
27
What type of collagen is in tendons?
type 1
28
What type of collagen is reticulin?
type 3
29
What type of collagen in basal lamina? (non fibrous)
type 4
30
How does collagen form?
-form from cells known as fibroblasts -fibroblasts blast out fibres -collagenase enzyme secreted too by fibroblasts -winds procollagen (secreted by fibroblasts) into triple stranded helix -collagen fibril formed -collagen fibre
31
Describe some characteristics of elastic fibres?
-tend to find in most blood vessels -consists of protein elastin -can stretch 1.5 x resting length and can return to normal shape -microfibrils and amorphous component -generally found in sheets rather than fibres -yellow in colour (aorta)
32
What is ground substance of ECM composed of?
-semi solid gel -proteoglycons (protein core and carb attached) for r.g. Hyaluronic acid Glycoprotein ( carb with protein attached) -more protein
33
What are the permanent cells in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts Macrophages Adipocytes Mast cells Undifferentiated mesenchyme cells
34
What are the transient cells in loose connective tissue?
white blood cells
35
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
dense - regular dense - irregular
36
Where might you find dense regular and irregular?
regular- tendon irregular- dermis
37
Describe dense regular and irregular?
regular- cells in parallel rows, needs to pull in one direction, strong irregular- more elastic -can move in more directions
38
Abnormal functions of connective tissue?
Blood / bone marrow - leukaemia (too many WBC)    Loose / dense - loss/abnormal fibres (epidermolysis bullosa)  Cartilage - tear   Bone – osteoporosis (rigid) /petrosis (thick)
39
What does a benign tumor look like?
not spread through basal lamina
40
What does a malignant tumour look like?
penetrated through basal lamina
41
How does tumor spread?
-cells grow as benign tumor in epithelium -cells become invasive and enter capillary (malignant) -cells adhere to blood vessel wall in liver -escape from blood vessel to form micromestasis -colonize liver forming full blown metastasis