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Pathology > Tissue Responses and Adaptations > Flashcards

Tissue Responses and Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

what are labile cells? Give examples

A

continuously cycling and very proliferative

ex. epithelia of mouth, skin, gut and bladder, and bone marrow

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2
Q

what are quiescent tissues/stable cells? Give examples

A

divide infrequently but can still divide when cells are lost

ex. liver, renal tubular cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, osteocytes of CT

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3
Q

what are permanent cells? Give examples

A

non-diving tissue, divide in embryo and fetal live, cannot be replaced

ex. neurons, cardiac muscle, photoreceptors in retina

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4
Q

define atrophy

A

reduction in function mass or size of cell, tissue, or organ

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5
Q

define hypertorphy

A

increase in functional mass or size of a cell, tissue, or organ

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6
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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7
Q

Is atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia a reversible or irreversible change?

A

reversible

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8
Q

Label each as hypertrophy, atrophy, and hyperplasia

A
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9
Q

what is the mechanism for cell loss in physiological atrophy?

A

apoptosis

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10
Q

what are the causes of pathologic atrophy?

A

-vascular or ischemic atrophy
-tissue destruction
-endocrine atrophy
-abnormal decrease in functional demand
-denervation
-starvation

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma causing hydronephrosis?

A

TTC in urinary bladder > blocking ureter outflow, bilaterally > inc pressure of renal pelvis > renal cortical and medullary atrophy > hydronephrosis

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12
Q

what causes hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

-abnormal inc in function demand
-excessive hormonal stimulation
-reactive -response to inflammation or chronic trauma

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13
Q

Is the heart atrophy, hypertrophy, or hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophy

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14
Q

what organ is seen here? The right is normal and left is not - what is going on with the left?

A

left - hypertophy

hypertrophic cardiomyocytes

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15
Q

Which epithelial response to injury damages the basement membrane and which does not?

A

damages basement membrane - ulceration
does not damage basement membrane - erosion

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16
Q

what does tissue that is ulcerated get replaced by?

A

fibrous CT
scaring (fibrosis)

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17
Q

what does the tissue that is eroded get replaced by?

A

labile cells

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18
Q

which is erosion and which is ulceration?

A

1 - erosion
2 - ulcerated

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19
Q

What can cause stricture?

A

circumferential erosion or ulceration

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20
Q

Is cirrhosis reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

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21
Q

what is indicated by the blue tint around the portal triad?

A

blue = fibrous CT

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22
Q

How does Cardiomyocytes respond to injury?

A

reversible changes of atrophy and hypertrophy

permanent cells so cell death -> fibrosis (scaring)

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22
Q

What is the disease in this image? What is the blue?

A

Cirrhosis
blue = fibrous CT

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23
Q

what is concentric hypertrophy? does the volume inc or dec?

A

thickening of the heart from the outside towards the lumen

volume dec

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24
Q

what is eccentric hypertrophy? does the volume inc or dec?

A

addition of sarcomeres in series leading to enlarged and dilate chamber with wall thinning

inc volume

25
Q

What is pictured on the right? (how is it different from normal on left)

A

Myocardial fibrosis
fibrous CT

26
Q

How is a bone injury healed?

A

fracture -> woven bone -> octeoclasts remove woven bone -> lamellar bone replaces woven

27
Q

How does the brain appear after significant damage?

A

minimal regeneration
cavitation

28
Q

what is exogenous pigment?

A

pigment taken on from external source

29
Q

what is endogenous pigment?

A

pigment produced by cell

30
Q

what are some endogenous pigments?

A

melanin, lipofuscin, ceroid

31
Q

what are some hematogenous pigments?

A

hemoglobin, parasite hematin, hemosiderin, bilirubin

32
Q

what type of pigment is shown here?

A

exogenous pigment - anthracosis, carbon

found w/in macrophages near airways

33
Q

what type of pigment is shown here? what distinguishes the two images?

A

endogenous pigment - melanin

left - no mass, melanosis
right - mass, metastatic melanoma

34
Q

Distinguish the 2 forms of melanin

A

left - malignant melanoma (very high up)
right - pigmentary incontinence (bland looking, lower down)

35
Q

how is malignant melanoma and pigmentary incontinence distinguished?

A

cellular atypia

36
Q

how is copper relevant to melanin?

A

copper is need to form melanin
contains enzyme tyrosinase (tyrosine -> melanin)

36
Q

what is pigmentary incontinence?

A

benign reaction to inflammation

37
Q

what pathology is seen here? Same goat right picture 2 years later and given a supplement

A

copper deficiency

38
Q

what is lipofuscin? Is it harmful? what is the color?

A

end product of autophagocytosis that accumulates within cells over time
not harmful
yellow-brown

38
Q

what is ceroid? Is it harmful? what is the color?

A

oxidized proteins and lipids, can accumulate from pathologic conditions
yes
yellow-green

39
Q

what is jaundice due to?

A

presence of bilirubin

40
Q

what is hematin due to?

A

artifact of formic acid and heme

41
Q

Describe the tissue color - what is it from?

A

Icterus - presence of bilirubin

42
Q

Describe the tissue color - what is it from?

A

hematin pigment - fluke

43
Q

How are gout crystals created?

A

uricase absent
blood uric acid cannot be converted to allantoin

44
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of gout crystals

A

uricase absent > blood uric acid is not converted to allantoin > blood uric acid is deposited

45
Q

what is this? polarized light is being shined on the specimen

A

gout crystals

46
Q

what is the pathogen? what tissue is this? where is the inflammatory reaction?

A

gout crystals - black circle
kidney
inflammatory rxn around vessel containing gout crystals (aggregation of lymphocytes)

47
Q

what tissue is this? which is pathogenic? what is the pathogen?

A

kidney
right
amylodoisis

48
Q

what is amylodoisis?

A

amyloid in the glomerus causing compression and potentially atrophy of surrounding tissue

49
Q

what stain is this and what is it indicating?

A

congo red stain
amyolids in glomerulus

50
Q

what tissue is this? what is the pathogen?

A

pancreas
localized amyloidosis

51
Q

what is a amyloid?

A

pathologic protein-based material

52
Q

what are the two types of calcification? which is localized?

A

dystrophic calcification (localized)
metastatic calcification

53
Q

which calcification affects blood calcium levels and how?

A

metastatic calcification
inc Ca levels

54
Q

How does calcium salt stain with HE?

A

purple

55
Q

what is the arrow pointing at? (hint what is in the nucleus)

A

viral inclusion body

56
Q

what is the arrow pointing at? acid-fast stain has been applied

A

lead poisoning inclusion bodies

57
Q

what is the circle indicating?

A

Pathology (12 decks)

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