Tissue Responses and Adaptations Flashcards
what are labile cells? Give examples
continuously cycling and very proliferative
ex. epithelia of mouth, skin, gut and bladder, and bone marrow
what are quiescent tissues/stable cells? Give examples
divide infrequently but can still divide when cells are lost
ex. liver, renal tubular cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, osteocytes of CT
what are permanent cells? Give examples
non-diving tissue, divide in embryo and fetal live, cannot be replaced
ex. neurons, cardiac muscle, photoreceptors in retina
define atrophy
reduction in function mass or size of cell, tissue, or organ
define hypertorphy
increase in functional mass or size of a cell, tissue, or organ
define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
Is atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia a reversible or irreversible change?
reversible
Label each as hypertrophy, atrophy, and hyperplasia
what is the mechanism for cell loss in physiological atrophy?
apoptosis
what are the causes of pathologic atrophy?
-vascular or ischemic atrophy
-tissue destruction
-endocrine atrophy
-abnormal decrease in functional demand
-denervation
-starvation
what is the pathogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma causing hydronephrosis?
TTC in urinary bladder > blocking ureter outflow, bilaterally > inc pressure of renal pelvis > renal cortical and medullary atrophy > hydronephrosis
what causes hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
-abnormal inc in function demand
-excessive hormonal stimulation
-reactive -response to inflammation or chronic trauma
Is the heart atrophy, hypertrophy, or hyperplasia?
hypertrophy
what organ is seen here? The right is normal and left is not - what is going on with the left?
left - hypertophy
hypertrophic cardiomyocytes
Which epithelial response to injury damages the basement membrane and which does not?
damages basement membrane - ulceration
does not damage basement membrane - erosion
what does tissue that is ulcerated get replaced by?
fibrous CT
scaring (fibrosis)
what does the tissue that is eroded get replaced by?
labile cells
which is erosion and which is ulceration?
1 - erosion
2 - ulcerated
What can cause stricture?
circumferential erosion or ulceration
Is cirrhosis reversible or irreversible?
irreversible
what is indicated by the blue tint around the portal triad?
blue = fibrous CT
How does Cardiomyocytes respond to injury?
reversible changes of atrophy and hypertrophy
permanent cells so cell death -> fibrosis (scaring)
What is the disease in this image? What is the blue?
Cirrhosis
blue = fibrous CT
what is concentric hypertrophy? does the volume inc or dec?
thickening of the heart from the outside towards the lumen
volume dec
what is eccentric hypertrophy? does the volume inc or dec?
addition of sarcomeres in series leading to enlarged and dilate chamber with wall thinning
inc volume
What is pictured on the right? (how is it different from normal on left)
Myocardial fibrosis
fibrous CT
How is a bone injury healed?
fracture -> woven bone -> octeoclasts remove woven bone -> lamellar bone replaces woven
How does the brain appear after significant damage?
minimal regeneration
cavitation
what is exogenous pigment?
pigment taken on from external source
what is endogenous pigment?
pigment produced by cell
what are some endogenous pigments?
melanin, lipofuscin, ceroid
what are some hematogenous pigments?
hemoglobin, parasite hematin, hemosiderin, bilirubin
what type of pigment is shown here?
exogenous pigment - anthracosis, carbon
found w/in macrophages near airways
what type of pigment is shown here? what distinguishes the two images?
endogenous pigment - melanin
left - no mass, melanosis
right - mass, metastatic melanoma
Distinguish the 2 forms of melanin
left - malignant melanoma (very high up)
right - pigmentary incontinence (bland looking, lower down)
how is malignant melanoma and pigmentary incontinence distinguished?
cellular atypia
how is copper relevant to melanin?
copper is need to form melanin
contains enzyme tyrosinase (tyrosine -> melanin)
what is pigmentary incontinence?
benign reaction to inflammation
what pathology is seen here? Same goat right picture 2 years later and given a supplement
copper deficiency
what is lipofuscin? Is it harmful? what is the color?
end product of autophagocytosis that accumulates within cells over time
not harmful
yellow-brown
what is ceroid? Is it harmful? what is the color?
oxidized proteins and lipids, can accumulate from pathologic conditions
yes
yellow-green
what is jaundice due to?
presence of bilirubin
what is hematin due to?
artifact of formic acid and heme
Describe the tissue color - what is it from?
Icterus - presence of bilirubin
Describe the tissue color - what is it from?
hematin pigment - fluke
How are gout crystals created?
uricase absent
blood uric acid cannot be converted to allantoin
Describe the pathogenesis of gout crystals
uricase absent > blood uric acid is not converted to allantoin > blood uric acid is deposited
what is this? polarized light is being shined on the specimen
gout crystals
what is the pathogen? what tissue is this? where is the inflammatory reaction?
gout crystals - black circle
kidney
inflammatory rxn around vessel containing gout crystals (aggregation of lymphocytes)
what tissue is this? which is pathogenic? what is the pathogen?
kidney
right
amylodoisis
what is amylodoisis?
amyloid in the glomerus causing compression and potentially atrophy of surrounding tissue
what stain is this and what is it indicating?
congo red stain
amyolids in glomerulus
what tissue is this? what is the pathogen?
pancreas
localized amyloidosis
what is a amyloid?
pathologic protein-based material
what are the two types of calcification? which is localized?
dystrophic calcification (localized)
metastatic calcification
which calcification affects blood calcium levels and how?
metastatic calcification
inc Ca levels
How does calcium salt stain with HE?
purple
what is the arrow pointing at? (hint what is in the nucleus)
viral inclusion body
what is the arrow pointing at? acid-fast stain has been applied
lead poisoning inclusion bodies
what is the circle indicating?
