Neoplasia Flashcards
list the stages of invasion and metastasis
- transformed cells detach from main mass, penetrate basement membrane, enter extracellular matrix
- intravasation - extension through endothelium, interaction with lymphoid cells and coating with platelets aka form tumor emboli
- extravasation - extension back through endothelium, form metastatic deposit, angiogenesis
list the three most common metastatic routes
- hematogenous - most common for sarcomas
- lymphatic - most common for carcinomas
- transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation - route for mesotheliomas and repro carcinomas
describe the hematogenous route of metastasis
vena cava > first capillary bed > lung (mammary, skin, bone tumors)
portal vein > first capillary bed > liver (GI tumors)
lymphatics > blood vessels (left - thoracic duct, right - lymphatic trunk)
describe the lymphatic route of metastasis
easy access, since have gap and minimal basal lamina
describe the transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation route of metastasis
route for mesotheliomas and some reproductive carcinomas
ID the pathology and metastatic route
mammary gland adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymphatic vessels
arrow - cohesive = carcinoma
ID the pathology and metastatic route
cholangiocellular (bile duct) carcinoma with transcoelomic exfoliation and implantation
what’s the preferential metastasis site for osteosarcoma?
lung
how is morbidity related to cancer?
- primary tumor effects (function, pain/discomfort)
- paraneoplastic syndrome (symptom complexes NOT directly linked to local/distant tumors)
list some paraneoplastic syndromes
hypercalcemia
anorexia/cachexia
endocrinopathies
which tumors have hypercalcemia linked to it
paraneoplastic syndrome!
linked to…lymphoma in dogs/cats and apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in dogs
list some sources of paraneoplastic syndrome hypercalcemia
increased Ca reabsorption and decreased phosphate reabsorption (PTHrP)
release from bone
increased absorption in intestines
ID the pathology - what paraneoplastic syndrome does it have?
apocrine adenocarcinoma of anal sac in dog
hypercalcemia from PTHrP
list mechanisms in which anorexia and cachexia appear as paraneoplastic syndromes
reduced caloric intake
metabolic alterations
increased catabolism
cytokine release
which tumors have endocrinopathies linked to it?
pituitary neoplasia - ACTH production leading to cushings
pancreatic islet cell tumor - insulin production leading to hypoglycemia
describe how pituitary neoplasia can lead to cushing’s.
what does cushing’s then lead to?
ACTH production > hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing) > calcinosis cutis
what type of calcification is Calcinosis cutis?
dystrophic calcification
what’s the importance of paraneoplastic syndromes
major contributors to clinical signs of cancer
diagnostic aid
can be markers for response to treatment
which tumor grading schemes are established for dogs?
cutaneous mast cell tumor (low or high)
mammary gland neoplasia (grade I, II, III)
soft tissue sarcoma (grade I, II, III)
what’s a very good predictor of malignant behavior in most sarcomas?
high mitotic index
what tumor is known for having a high mitotic index, but then spontaneously regresses?
canine cutaneous histiocytoma
transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)
ID the pathology
mast cell tumor
what’s the TNM stages?
T - primary tumor = size of tumor
N - regional = lymph node development
M - metastatic = describe distant metastasis
Liz Brain
basically some diagnostic techniques can piss off the tumor and cause it to metastitize
list techniques to mark surgical margins
what would a pathologist be able to tell you regarding this?
is this a complete or incomplete tumor excision?
ID the pathology
round cell tumor, sheets - mast cell tumor
