Acute Inflammation Flashcards
list the five cardinal signs of inflammation
- redness
- swelling
- heat
- pain
- loss of function
what is acute inflammation dominated by?
neutrophils
define suppurative
pus
define purulent
pus
define fibrino
lots of fibrin
fill out the chart regarding acute inflammation
is fibrinous acute or chronic?
ACUTE
is fibrous acute or chronic?
CHRONIC
what is the goal of acute inflammation?
dilute toxins, isolate, eliminate, repair
list the three things inflammation can act as.
- primary mechanism of pathologic change
- secondary contributor and propagator of disease
- precursor to chronic inflammation/fibrosis
how does the body know there’s an injury? (exogenously vs endogenously)
exogenous - microbes, foreign body, injury
endogenous - autoreactive, hypersensitivity reactions
activation of innate immune system
list the main mediators of acute inflammation
PGE2, complement, cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF
function of IL-8?
activates neutrophils
list the fever cytokines
IL-1, TNF, IL-6
PGE2
list/describe the phases of acute inflammation
- Fluidic (exudative) - inc blood flow from histamine, leaky vessels/permeability inc, emigration of leukocytes
- cellular - deliver leukocytes to injury, leukocyte adhesion cascade
- reparative phase - resolution, healing via fibrosis, abscess formation, chronic inflammation
generally describe leukocyte adhesion cascade
margination > rolling > adhesion > diapedesis (migration) > chemotaxis (neutrophil activation)
How does the following drugs affect acute inflammation?
steroid, COX 1 and 2 inhibitors, and leukotrine receptors antagonists
steroids - inhibits phospholipases > arachidonic acid cannot be made
COX 1 and 2 inhibitors - inhibit COX > not prostaglandin synthesis > no vasodilation or inc vascular permeability
leukotrine receptors antagonists - leukotrine B4 cannot bind > no bronchospasm or inc vascular permeability
list the outcomes/goals of the complement cascades
formation of C5a and C3a - attract leukocytes for inflammation
formation of C3b - opsonizes pathogen, induce phagocytosis
formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) - creates pore in microbial surface
list the important acute phase proteins
list the “positive” APP. what do they mean?
c-reactive protein
serum amyloid A
mannose-binding protein
fibrinogen
*increase in inflammation
list the “negative” APP. what do they mean?
albumin
*decrease in inflammation
define pyrexia
fever
*hyperthermia does NOT equal pyrexia
what prostaglandin is a driver of fever and when reduced can reduce fever?
PGE2
define edema
excess fluid in tissues
define effusion
vascular leakage aka when fluid leaks into body cavities and NOT tissues
ID the pathology
pleural effusion
define transudate/serous exudate
clear watery fluid
low concentration of plasma protein or leukocytes > injury is rather mild or peracute
histology - affected tissues spread apart by watery fluid
define exudate
extravascular fluid rich in protein/cells
cloudy
transudate or exudate?
transudate
ID transudate vs exudate.
exudate - hemorrhagic
ID pathology
serosanguinous effusion
aka exudate
ID pathology
pyothorax
ID pathology
define chylous ascites
milky fluid in peritoneal cavity due to blockage of lymphatic drainage
list type I hypersensitivity pathologic lesions
vascular dilation
edema
smooth muscle spasm
mucus production
inflammation
what is the type I hypersensitivity immune component
IgE > mast cell release vasodilators
list type II hypersensitivity pathologic lesions
cell lysis
inflammation
what are the type II hypersensitivity immune component
IgG and IgM > activate complement
list type III hypersensitivity pathologic lesions
necrotizing vasculitis (fibrinoid necrosis)
inflammation
what are the type III hypersensitivity immune component
IgG and IgM
list the type IV hypersensitivity pathologic lesions
perivascular cell infiltrates
edema
cell destruction
granuloma formation
what is the type IV sensitivity immune component
T lymphocyte mediated
what are examples of type 4 hypersensitivity diseases?
contact dermatitis, transplant rejections, tuberculosis, chronic allergic diseases, Johne’s disease (granulomatous enteritis)
define immunodeficiency disease
failure of immune system to protect host
primary vs secondary immunodeficiency
primary - congenital or genetic defect in immune system
secondary - immune system weakened by external factors
