Cardiopathology I Flashcards
label
R side of heart is ___ blood and L side is ___ blood
R - deoxygenated
L - oxygenated
what’s the ratio of R:L side ventricular wall thickness
1:3
*since L side pumps to entire body
list the main components of electrical pathway of heart
SA node > AV node > Bundle of His > Purkinje fibers
heart disease cannot be ___, must be ___
not cured, must be managed
list the main clinical signs of heart disease
c, exercise intolerance, murmur, arrhythmia, fluid buildup, cyanosis
define murmur
sound of blood turbulence
define arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat
list the types of heart failure
- sudden/acute vs gradual/chronic
- R vs L side failure
heart failure has blood accumulation where?
accumulation behind the failing chamber
describe acute heart failure
sudden/severe pump and flow failure
syncope (unconscious), collapse
*cardiogenic shock
NOT enough time for compensatory changes to occur
describe chronic heart failure. list the compensatory changes
less severe pump and flow failures
compensation - chamber dilation, hypertrophy, increased HR, increased peripheral R, increased blood volume, redistribution of blood
eccentric vs concentric hypertrophy
eccentric - expands (thinning), VOLUME overload
concentric - thickening, PRESSURE overload
complete the chart
define R sided HF
congestion of systemic circulation
increased hydrostatic pressure - ventral SQ edema, pleural/peritoneal effusion
what type of heart failure causes this?
R sided
define L sided HF
congestion of pulmonary circulation
pulmonary edema, hemosiderosis
what type of HF is this?
L sided
Liz Brain
describe some systemic changes linked to HF (kidney)
decreased renal blood flow > RAAS activation > water retention, increase BP
**compensating for heart unable to work properly, WHILE ALSO making it so heart has to work more (increase CO via water retention), causing further decompensation
describe some systemic changes linked to HF (bone marrow)
hypoxia > erythropoiesis > polycythemia (inc carrying capacity) > increase BP > increase workload of heart
which area of the heart is affected FIRST due to decreased perfusion?
papillary muscles of L ventricle and subendocardial areas
describe the histologic presentation of myocardial cell injury, necrosis, and scaring
what are the 6 main mechanisms of heart failure?
- ruptures - hemorrhage, tamponade
- obstructed flow through heart - increases volume and P behind obstruction
- regurgitant flow - increases volume behind failing valve
- blood shunts - congenital mainly
- conduction disturbance (arrhythmia) - poor contraction
- pump failure - weak contraction, incomplete emptying/filling
describe endocardial (AV) cushion defect
congenital issue
two thicker areas in cardiac tube from which heart chambers/valves form - does NOT properly close, can cause open communication between all chambers
ID the pathology
L - normal
R - endocardial cushion defect
in shunts, the larger the defect, the ___ severe clinical signs
more severe
in shunts, the smaller the defect, the ___ the murmur
louder
shunts cause what type of hypertrophy?
eccentric
define atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO)
incomplete closure of atrial septum
define ventricular septal defect (VSD)
incomplete closure of ventricular septum
define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
failure of closure of ductus arteriosus between aorta and pulmonary artery
*normally becomes ligamentum arteriosum
ID the shunt
atrial septal defect (ASD)
patent foramen ovale (PFO)
ID the shunt
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
ID the shunt
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
shunts are a ___ overload with an initial __ to __ shunting of blood
volume
L to R shunting - since L side is typically high P to begin with (can switch to R to L)
ID the shunt
atrial septal defect (ASD)
patent foramen ovale (PFO)
ID shunt
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
MOST OMMON DEFECT
ID shunt
patent ductus arteriosus
*continuous murmur
small/toy breeds
list the two main types of valvular defect
stenosis - narrowing valves
malformation/dysplasia
list the two types of stenosis
pulmonic stenosis
aortic stenosis
stenosis is a ___ overload
pressure
stenosis will have hyper___ of the ___ that comes right before/after it
hypertrophy
ventricle before it
ID the pathology
which ventricle will be affected?
pulmonary stenosis
R ventricle hypertrophy - R side HF, cause hepatic congestion
ID the pathology
which ventricle will be affected?
aortic stenosis
L ventricle hypertrophy - L side HF
ID pathology
pulmonic stenosis
ID pathology
aortic stenosis
list breeds that most commonly get pulmonic vs aortic stenosis
pulmonic - bulldog, boxer, terrier
aortic - large breeds, pigs
ID pathology
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia is ___ insufficiency and ___ overload
valvular insufficiency
volume overload
tricuspid and mitral valve malformation/dysplasia is hyper___ of the ___ that comes right after/before it
hypertrophy - eccentric
ventricle right after it
*dilation of atrium before it
describe the tetralogy of fallot
FOUR abnormalities that causes insufficient amounts of blood pumped to body
1. ventricular septal defect
2. pulmonic stenosis
3. overriding aorta
4. R ventricle hypertrophy
ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a __ to __ shunt due to ___ stenosis, causing ___ ventricular hyper___. this causes ___
R to L shunt
pulmonic stenosis
R ventricle hypertrophy
cyanosis
ID pathology
ventricle septal defect (VSD)
describe vascular ring anomaly
persistent R aortic arch (should normally be on L side) with ligamentum arteriosum on L > compresses esophagus > cranial megaesophagus
ID pathology
vascular ring anomaly
what pathology causes regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia, and poor weight gain?
vascular ring anomaly
define ectopia cordis
heart located anywhere BUT in the chest
*most common in calves
ID pathology
ectopia cordis
Liz Brain
