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Pathology > Cardiopathology II > Flashcards

Cardiopathology II Flashcards

1
Q

define pericardial effusion

A

too much pericardial fluid

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2
Q

define cardiac tamponade. what side HF does this cause?

A

caused by pericardial effusion, increased P surrounding heart, reduced ventricle filling

causes R side HF since not as much muscle as L side - unable to fight the increased pressure

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3
Q

what are the two types of pericardial effusion?

A

hydropericardium
hemopericardium

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4
Q

describe hydropericardium. what causes this?

A

fluid accumulation in sac
EDEMA CAUSES - inc hydrostatic P, dec oncotic P, lymphatic obstruction, inc vascular permeability
*aka pericarditis

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5
Q

describe hemopericardium

A

bleeding into sac
*cardiac hemangiosarcoma

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6
Q

ID pathology

A

hydropericardium

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7
Q

ID pathology

A

hemopericardium

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8
Q

list the main ways that pericarditis occurs

A

bacteria
hardware disease - ruminant

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9
Q

when is epicardial hemorrhage typically seen?

A

anoxia, sepsis, endotoxemia
*can be agonal change

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10
Q

under what circumstance does serous atrophy of fat occur?

A

chronic prolonged negative energy balance - emaciation

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11
Q

ID pathology

A

serous atrophy of fat

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12
Q

how does traumatic reticuloperitonitis occur?

A

migration of metal from reticulum > direct penetration of pericardial sac > gut bacteria enters sac

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13
Q

describe acute hardware disease

A

fibrinosuppurative (neutrophils)
“bread and butter appearance”

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14
Q

describe chronic hardware disease

A

constrictive pericarditis
fibrosis of epicardium to parietal pericardium
reduced ventricle contract

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15
Q

ID pathology

A

acute hardware disease

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16
Q

what nutritional deficiencies are linked to myocardial disease?

A

selenium and vitamin E deficiency - essential for protecting from oxidative damage

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17
Q

what age is myocardial disease more common?

A

young

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18
Q

ID pathology

A

myocardial white muscle disease - necrosis and mineralization

sheep, cow

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19
Q

ID pathology

A

myocardial mulberry disease - necrosis and hemorrhage

pigs

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20
Q

how does copper deficiency affect the heart?

A

weakens vasculature
predisposing to vascular aneurysmal dilations/tears

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21
Q

ID pathology

A

vascular aneurysmal tear/dilation - copper deficiency

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22
Q

list ways in which toxins can damage the heart

A

exaggerated effect - drugs
depress myocardial function
directly injures cardiac cells
hypersensitivity reactions

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23
Q

describe ionophore coccidiostatus

A

mainly in horses
myocardial degeneration and necrosis via toxicity to salinomycin

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24
Q

ID pathology

A

ionophore coccidiostatus

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25
Q

how does anthracycline/doxorubicin affect the heart?

A

chemo drug for dogs
causes acute myocardial necrosis by oxidative damage, cytokine release

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26
Q

how does gossypol affect the heart?

A

swine&raquo_space; goats/ruminants > horses fed cottonseed products
causes heart lesions like ionophore toxicity

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27
Q

how do vitamin D and calcinogenic plants affect the heart?

A

epicardial deposits of mineral

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28
Q

how does uremia affect the heart?

A

deposits of urate crystals from chronic renal disease causes ulcer lesions > fibrosis and mineralization

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29
Q

Liz Brain

A
30
Q

list the important inflammatory routes to the heart

A

hematogenous
direct extension from pleural/mediastinal infection
foreign body

31
Q

list the outcomes of infection, inflammation +/- necrosis of the myocardium

A

complete resolution
poor myocardial regeneration capacity
granulation tissue > scarring
progressive myocardial damage > dilated CM

32
Q

ID the damage

A
33
Q

Liz Brain DD list for myocarditis lesions

A
34
Q

ID the type of myocarditis

A

eosinophilic

35
Q

ID the type of myocarditis

A

lymphocytic

36
Q

list what diseases are likely to manifest as DCM

A

taurine deficiency in cats
cobalt toxicity
myocarditis
doxorubicin - chemo drug

37
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy is a ___ failure

A

heart pump

38
Q

who is most commonly affected by DCM?

A

dogs - giant and large breed dogs

*arrhythmogenic R ventricular CM in boxers

39
Q

DCM is ___contractility during the ___ phase of cardiac cycle

A

hypocontractility
systolic phase

40
Q

describe the gross appearance of DCM

A
41
Q

describe the histologic appearance of DCM

A
42
Q

ID the pathology

A

DCM - R side

43
Q

ID pathology

A

DCM

44
Q

ID pathology

A

DCM

45
Q

describe hypertrophic CM

A

common in cats - young adult to middle aged
idiopathic

autosomal dominant inheritance in several breeds, MAINE COONS

46
Q

describe thyrotoxic CM

A

in older cats
*appearance is identical to HCM
associated with functional adenomatous hyperplasia - hyperthyroidism

47
Q

a hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM heart in cats weighs about ___g

A

over 20g

48
Q

describe the gross appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

A
49
Q

describe the histologic appearance of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

A
50
Q

what’s the major outcome of hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

A

L atrial thrombosis and caudal abdominal aorta thrombolism
*secondary issues

51
Q

ID pathology

A

hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

52
Q

ID pathology

A

hypertrophic and thyrotoxic CM

53
Q

endocartitis is usually a secondary issue to ___

A

bacterial infection

54
Q

match the bacterial infection to the species it affects

A
55
Q

endocartitis pathogenesis

A

infection > bacteremia/sepsis and issues with virchows triad > fibrin and bacteria adhere to disrupted valve surface > mass of fibrin/bacteria/inflammatory cells and granulation tissue grow and portions of mass dislodge > septic emboli causes infarcts and abscess formation > valve dysfunction and/or septicemia > death

56
Q

ID pathology

A

endocarditis

57
Q

describe gross appearance of endocarditis

A
58
Q

which valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis?

A

L side - mitral valve then aortic valve

*exception in cows - tricuspid!

59
Q

ID pathology

A

endocarditis

60
Q

describe edocardiosis

A

aka myxomatous valvular degeneration
valve insufficiency
age related in dogs, toy/medium size

61
Q

what does endocardiosis usually lead to in old dogs?

A

CHF and new murmurs

62
Q

ID pathology

A

endocardiosis

63
Q

ID pathology

A

endocardiosis - nodule form in leaflet

64
Q

describe the appearance of endocardiosis

A
65
Q

list some associated lesions and outcomes of endocardiosis

A

atrial dilation and possible rupture
jet lesions - endocardial fibrosis caused by turbulence
rupture of chordae tendinae - valve prolapse

66
Q

ID pathology

A

endocardiosis

67
Q

describe feline endomyocarditis

A

aka endocardial fibrosis
in young cats <4 years old
occurs within 3 months of stress event (sx)
*inflammation of L ventricle outflow tract
presents with interstitial pneumonia

68
Q

describe gross appearance of feline endomyocarditis

A
69
Q

describe histology appearance of feline endomyocarditis

A
70
Q

ID pathology

A

feline endomyocarditis

71
Q

what valve is most affected by endocardiosis?

A

mitral valve - L side will compensate with eccentric hypertrophy

Pathology (12 decks)

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