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Pathology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

necrosis is ___ injury

A

unselective
irreversible

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2
Q

apoptosis is ___ injury

A

selective
irreversible

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3
Q

hepatic lipidosis is ___ injury

A

reversible

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4
Q

what are the 4 main categories of cell injury causes?

A

deficiency of critical material
lack of cellular energy production
accumulation of abnormal substances
physical injury

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5
Q

List the reversible and irreversible ischemic cell injury

A

reversible - mitochondrial damage
irreversible - membrane damage

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6
Q

define ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of body

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7
Q

list the physical signs of reversible cell injury

A

cell swell
ER swell
loss of microvilli
membrane blebs
clumped chromatin
lipid accumulation
myelin figures

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8
Q

list the physical signs of irreversible cell injury

A

cell membrane damage, rupture

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9
Q

list the physical signs of cell death

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis
absence of nuclei
cytoplasmic eosinophilia

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10
Q

describe the pathogenesis of cell injury due to oxygen deprivation

A

hypoxia > aerobic cell metabolism stops (decreased oxidative phosphorylation) > decreased ATP production

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11
Q

describe pathogenesis if no oxygen appears to reverse the hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation

A

switch to anaerobic metabolism > intracellular acidosis > lose ribosomes due to swollen ER > cell membrane defects, lysosome rupture > release RNA/DNA > membrane rupture > cell death and rupture

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12
Q

what happens if there’s a LARGE number of cell deaths?

A

gap is replaced with fibrous CT

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13
Q

what pathology is shown in this image?

A

renal infarct

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14
Q

define infarct

A

small area of dead tissue due to failure of blood supply

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15
Q

define hydropic degeneration

reversible or irreversible?

A

water movement into cells (swelling)
reversible

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of hydropic degeneration

A

injury(hypoxia) > mitochondria activity decreased > cell membrane damaged > interfered ion channels of membranes > NaK ion pump equilibrium dec > Na level increase in cytoplasm > H20 accumulated > mitochondria and ER swelling > hydropic degeneration

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17
Q

what type of hydropic degeneration is caused by parapoxvirus?

A

Ballooning degeneration

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18
Q

what type of cell injury is caused in this image of muscoa?

A

Hydropic degneration

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19
Q

what is this an example of in the mucosa of a cow tongue? (black circles and arrow)

A

circles - ballooning degeneration
arrow - viral inclusion bodies

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20
Q

define hepatic lipidosis

A

“fatty change”
intracellular accumulation of fatty acids within cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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21
Q

what are the possible mechanisms that can result in lipid accumulation?

A
  1. excessive delivery of FFA from fat stores or diet
  2. dec oxidation or use of FFA
  3. impaired synthesis of apoprotein
  4. impaired combination of protein and triglycerides to form lipoproteins
  5. impaired release of lipoproteins from hepatocytes

just one step needs to go wrong for hepatic lipidosis

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22
Q

what cell injury does this liver have?

A

hepatic lipidosis
note nucleus pushed to side unlike hydropic degeneration

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23
Q

what organ is this? describe the abnormality

A

liver
pale/yellow, swollen, friable, greasy

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24
Q

what diseases are associated with lipid accumulation in the liver?

A

-ketosis and pregnancy toxemia
-inappetence and anorexia
-high fat diets and obesity, hepatotoxins, hypoxia, DM, and hypothyroidism

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25
Q

difference between gross texture/color of lipid vs glycogen hepatocyte accumulation

A

lipid - pale yellow, friable
glycogen - pale tan/white, firm

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26
Q

list some disorders associated with lipid hepatocyte accumulation

A

ketosis
pregnancy toxemia
high fat diet
obesity
hepatotoxins
hypoxia
diabetes mellitus
hypothyroidism

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27
Q

list some disorders associated with glycogen hepatocyte accumulation

A

excess glucocorticoids
diabetes mellitus
young animals

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28
Q

describe positioning of nuclei in lipid hepatocyte accumulation histology

A

nuclei pushed to periphery

29
Q

describe vacuole shape/border in lipid hepatocyyte accumulation

A

distinct borders

30
Q

describe positioning of nuclei in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation histology

A

nuclei stay central

31
Q

describe vacuole shape/border in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation

A

margins are irregular or indistinct

32
Q

ID what is accumulated in the section circled of the liver

A

glycogen

33
Q

what pathology is shown in this liver?

A

glycogen accumulation - hepatocellular vacuolation

34
Q

ID what is accumulated in each liver section

A

left - fat
right - glycogen

35
Q

what disease is shown in this image of a dog brain?

A

lysosomal storage disease

lysosome can’t digest proteins

36
Q

define pyknosis

A

irreversible condensation of chromatin in nucleus of cell

37
Q

define karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of nucleus

38
Q

define karyolysis

A

nucleus is pale, dissolution of nucleus

39
Q

when is the nucleus absent in cellular necrosis

A

later stage of karyolysis

40
Q

Name the cell stage of cellular necrosis and describe the nucleus

A
41
Q

Match each number to its terms
terms - pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis

A

1 - pyknosis
2 - karyorrhexis
3 - karyolysis

42
Q

which of the following describes necrosis and which describes apoptosis?

A
43
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptosis

A

cell injury > BCL2 family sensors > BCL2 family effectors (BAX, BAK) > mitochondria > cytochrome C > initiator caspase-9 > executioner capases > endonuclease activation/breakdown of cytoskeleton > cytoplasmic bleb > apoptotic body > phagocyte ingests apoptotic body

44
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway

A

receptor-ligand interaction > adaptor proteins > initiator caspase-8 > executioner capases > endonuclease activation/breakdown of cytoskeleton > cytoplasmic bleb > apoptotic body > phagocyte ingests apoptotic body

45
Q

what are the pro-apoptotic of BCL2 family effectors?

A

BAX, BAK

46
Q

what are the executioner capases?

A

capases 3,6,7,12

47
Q

Is this necrosis or apoptosis? How can you tell?

A

apoptosis
fragmented cell and no inflammation
cell shrinkage, chromatic condensation

48
Q

What does increased eosinophilia indicate? what does it look like?

A

necrosis - RNA degrading
looks pink/red

49
Q

what are the anti-apoptotic of BCL2 family?

A

BCL2, BCL-XL

50
Q

what are the key morphologic features of necrosis on HE stain?

A

increased eosinophilia, glassy appearance, cytoplasmic vacuolation, karyolysis, ghost cells

51
Q

what is the red indicating on the image? what is the arrow showing (within the nucleus)?

A

red - hypereosinophilia
arrow - viral inclusion body

52
Q

Given the right image is normal what is happening on the left image?

A

necrosis

53
Q

define coagulative necrosis

A

denaturation with dense/rigid texture to dead cells
maintains shape

54
Q

define liquefactive necrosis

A

process of complete enzymatic digestion of cells, usually in brain, squishy

55
Q

define caseous necrosis

A

cheesy, coagulative, granulomatous reaction

56
Q

define fat necrosis

A

saponification
fatty acids mixed with calcium, chalky white

57
Q

define gangrenous necrosis

A

necrosis due to ischemia of distal extremities

58
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

coagulative
maintains shape, myofibers fragmented, nuclei lost

59
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

coagulative necrosis, renal papillary necrosis

60
Q

what is the pathogenesis of renal papillary necrosis?

A

inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs by inhibition of COX1 and COX2 > predisposes kidney to renal hypoperfusion > ischemia > papillary necrosis

prostaglandins are primary vasodilators in kidney

61
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

suppurative necrosis - type of liquefactive necrosis

62
Q

Define infaraction

A

obstruction of blood supply to organ or tissue causing local death of tissue

63
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

64
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

Caseous necrosis

65
Q

which two types of necrosis is caseous necrosis a combination of?

A

coagulative and liquefactive

66
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

fat necrosis

67
Q

what type of necrosis is this?

A

gangrene/gangrenous necrosis

68
Q

what is wet gangrene?

A

combination of coagulative necrosis from loss of blood supply with a liquefactive component due to superimposed infection

Pathology (12 decks)

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