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Pathology > Disorders of Growth & Neoplasia > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth & Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the significance of preneoplastic changes?

A

related to understanding that tumors develop in a step-wise fashion

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2
Q

what can induce hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia?

A

genetic and epigenetic changes

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3
Q

which of the following are preneoplastic changes?

A
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4
Q

which of the following terms could be used to describe changes that persist during transition from preneoplasia to neoplasia?
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

A

metaplasia and dysplasia

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5
Q

define metaplasia

A

reversible exchange within tissue of one mature cell type for another mature cell type
requires reprogramming of reserve cells (stem cell)

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6
Q

list examples of metaplasia

A

*hormonal changes and chronic inflammation

vitamin A deficiency - columnar/cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous

chronic pyometra - squamous

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7
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

squamous/epithelial metaplasia - chronic distemper virus

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8
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

mesenchymal metaplasia

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9
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

myxomatous metaplasia - slender spindles mesenchymal cells separated by pale basophilic myxoid matrix

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10
Q

what stain is used to ID mucopolysaccharide in myxomatous metaplasia?

A

alcian blue stain
abundant mucopolysaccharide indicative of myxomatous metaplasisa

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11
Q

define dysplasia

A

atypical differentiation, disordered arrangement
partially reversible
**common at sites of chronic inflammation

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12
Q

list common features of dysplasia

A

increased variation in cell size/shape
increased N:C ratio (nucleus:cytoplasm)
increased/abnormal mitosis
disorganized cell arrangement

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13
Q

ID type of pre-neoplasia

A

epidermal hyperplasia

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14
Q

ID type of pre-neoplasia

A

epidermal dysplasia

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15
Q

describe the difference between the two images

A

disordered arrangement of epithelial cells on R image with high N:C ratio, pleomorphism (size variation)

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16
Q

ID which is neoplasia vs pre-neoplasia

A

no visible basement membrane on R image - neoplasia

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17
Q

list some extrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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18
Q

list some intrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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19
Q

list some viral/infectious factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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20
Q

ID pathology and what it was likely caused by

A

splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma (in white pulp)

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21
Q

list the steps of tumor development

A
  1. initiation - genetic, irreversible change in cell population
  2. promotion - nongenetic, reversible, promotes cell proliferation, not considered mutagenic, does not affect DNA directly
  3. progression - genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible, own blood supply, proliferation, detaching and moving to distant sites
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22
Q

which of the following stages of tumor development are reversible and irreversible?

A

reversible - promotion
irreversible - initiation and progression

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23
Q

one gram of tumor is equal to ___ cells

A

10^9 cells

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24
Q

list the three heritable alterations that contribute to cancer phenotype

A

DNA mutation
epigenetic changes
chromosomal changes

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25
Q

list some common characteristics of neoplasia

A

loss of function or unregulated function
genomic instability - unstable telomeres, DNA damage, gene alteration, DNA repair mechanisms fail

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26
Q

define -oma

A

benign tumor

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27
Q

define -carcinoma

A

malignant tumor
EPITHELIAL origin

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28
Q

define -sarcoma

A

malignant tumor
MESENCHYMAL origin

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29
Q

ID the tumor types

A

carcinoma - more cohesive
sarcoma - cells look more separated, elongated/spindle nucleus

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30
Q

describe what a fibroma consists of

A

BENIGN
consists of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable
**more collagen

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31
Q

describe what a fibrosarcoma consists of

A

MALIGNANT
composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump/elongated nuclei, moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm
**sparse/no mature collagen, more cells

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32
Q

ID tumor type

A

fibroma

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33
Q

ID tumor type

A

fibrosarcoma

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34
Q

ID carcinoma vs sarcoma

A

top - carcinoma since more cohesive
bottom - sarcoma since more separated

35
Q

Liz Brain

A
36
Q

list the benign vs malignant tumor names for the following tissue types

A
37
Q

ID the tumor

A

adenocarcinoma
adeno since glandular
carcinoma since cohesive

38
Q

ID the tumor

A

osteosarcoma
osteo since bone (pink osteoid is unmineralized bone)
sarcoma since separation between cells

39
Q

list the benign vs malignant names for the following round cell tumor types

A
40
Q

ID the tumor type

A

round cell tumor
plasmacytoma

41
Q

ID the tumor type

A

round cell tumor
histiocytoma

42
Q

ID the tumor type

A

round cell tumor
lymphoma

43
Q

ID tumor type

A

round cell tumor
mast cell tumor

44
Q

what’s the name for an astrocyte tumor?

A

astrocytoma

45
Q

what’s the name for oligodendrocyte tumor?

A

oligodendroglioma

46
Q

define hamartoma vs choristoma tumor-like lesions

A

hamartoma - disorganized, mature tissue in normal location
choristoma - disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location (ectopic…)

47
Q

normal brain for reference

A
48
Q

ID the tumor type

A

oligodendroglioma
lots of clear space (myelin)

49
Q

how are tumors diagnosed?

A

gross appearance/behavior
histological architecture and cell pattern
cell characteristics

50
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

pedunculated/polyploid

51
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

papillary

52
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

ulcerated

53
Q

name the tumor based on appearance

A

papilloma

54
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

sessile/flat
attached to base without a stalk

55
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

annular - ring shaped

56
Q

give the term for this gross appearance

A

fungating
marked ulceration and necrosis, bad smell

57
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

sheet

58
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

packets

59
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the sheet pattern?

A

round cell tumors
ex: lymphoma, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor

60
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the packet pattern?

A

neuroendocrine tumors
ex: pheochromocytoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumors

61
Q

ID the tumor type AND pattern

A

round cell tumor, sheets
lymphoma

62
Q

ID the tumor

A

chemodectoma

63
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

nests

64
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

cords

65
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

lobules

66
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

acini

67
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

tubules

68
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

cystic

69
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

whorls

70
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

papillary

71
Q

ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor

A

bundles

72
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the nest pattern?

A

invasive carcinoma

73
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the cord pattern?

A

epithelial tumor

74
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the lobule pattern?

A

epithelial tumor

75
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the acini pattern?

A

glandular epithelial origin

76
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the tubule pattern?

A

glandular epithelial origin

77
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the cystic pattern?

A

glandular tumor
ex: cystadenocarcinoma

78
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the whorl pattern?

A

mesenchymal (CT) tumor

79
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the papillary pattern?

A

glandular tumors

80
Q

what tumor type is most likely to have the bundle pattern?

A

mesenchymal tumor

81
Q

define bengin vs malignant tumors

A

benign - no invasion or metastasis
malignant - local invasion, metastitize, can kill host

82
Q

ID pathology

A

meningioma
benign neoplasm of meningeal epithelium

83
Q

complete the chart

A

Pathology (12 decks)

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