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Disorders of Growth & Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the significance of preneoplastic changes?

A

related to understanding that tumors develop in a step-wise fashion

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2
Q

what can induce hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia?

A

genetic and epigenetic changes

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3
Q

which of the following are preneoplastic changes?

A
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4
Q

which of the following terms could be used to describe changes that persist during transition from preneoplasia to neoplasia?
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

A

metaplasia and dysplasia

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5
Q

define metaplasia

A

reversible exchange within tissue of one mature cell type for another mature cell type
requires reprogramming of reserve cells (stem cell)

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6
Q

list examples of metaplasia

A

*hormonal changes and chronic inflammation

vitamin A deficiency - columnar/cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous

chronic pyometra - squamous

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7
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

squamous/epithelial metaplasia - chronic distemper virus

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8
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

mesenchymal metaplasia

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9
Q

describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia

A

myxomatous metaplasia - slender spindles mesenchymal cells separated by pale basophilic myxoid matrix

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10
Q

what stain is used to ID mucopolysaccharide in myxomatous metaplasia?

A

alcian blue stain
abundant mucopolysaccharide indicative of myxomatous metaplasisa

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11
Q

define dysplasia

A

atypical differentiation, disordered arrangement
partially reversible
**common at sites of chronic inflammation

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12
Q

list common features of dysplasia

A

increased variation in cell size/shape
increased N:C ratio (nucleus:cytoplasm)
increased/abnormal mitosis
disorganized cell arrangement

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13
Q

ID type of pre-neoplasia

A

epidermal hyperplasia

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14
Q

ID type of pre-neoplasia

A

epidermal dysplasia

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15
Q

describe the difference between the two images

A

disordered arrangement of epithelial cells on R image with high N:C ratio, pleomorphism (size variation)

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16
Q

ID which is neoplasia vs pre-neoplasia

A

no visible basement membrane on R image - neoplasia

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17
Q

list some extrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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18
Q

list some intrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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19
Q

list some viral/infectious factors that influence neoplastic transformation

A
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20
Q

ID pathology and what it was likely caused by

A

splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma (in white pulp)

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21
Q

list the steps of tumor development

A
  1. initiation - genetic, irreversible change in cell population
  2. promotion - nongenetic, reversible, promotes cell proliferation, not considered mutagenic, does not affect DNA directly
  3. progression - genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible, own blood supply, proliferation, detaching and moving to distant sites
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22
Q

which of the following stages of tumor development are reversible and irreversible?

A

reversible - promotion
irreversible - initiation and progression

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23
Q

one gram of tumor is equal to ___ cells

A

10^9 cells

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24
Q

list the three heritable alterations that contribute to cancer phenotype

A

DNA mutation
epigenetic changes
chromosomal changes

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25
list some common characteristics of neoplasia
loss of function or unregulated function genomic instability - unstable telomeres, DNA damage, gene alteration, DNA repair mechanisms fail
26
define -oma
benign tumor
27
define -carcinoma
malignant tumor EPITHELIAL origin
28
define -sarcoma
malignant tumor MESENCHYMAL origin
29
ID the tumor types
carcinoma - more cohesive sarcoma - cells look more separated, elongated/spindle nucleus
30
describe what a fibroma consists of
BENIGN consists of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable **more collagen
31
describe what a fibrosarcoma consists of
MALIGNANT composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump/elongated nuclei, moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm **sparse/no mature collagen, more cells
32
ID tumor type
fibroma
33
ID tumor type
fibrosarcoma
34
ID carcinoma vs sarcoma
top - carcinoma since more cohesive bottom - sarcoma since more separated
35
*Liz Brain*
36
list the benign vs malignant tumor names for the following tissue types
37
ID the tumor
adenocarcinoma adeno since glandular carcinoma since cohesive
38
ID the tumor
osteosarcoma osteo since bone (pink osteoid is unmineralized bone) sarcoma since separation between cells
39
list the benign vs malignant names for the following round cell tumor types
40
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor plasmacytoma
41
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor histiocytoma
42
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor lymphoma
43
ID tumor type
round cell tumor mast cell tumor
44
what's the name for an astrocyte tumor?
astrocytoma
45
what's the name for oligodendrocyte tumor?
oligodendroglioma
46
define hamartoma vs choristoma tumor-like lesions
hamartoma - disorganized, mature tissue in normal location choristoma - disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location (ectopic...)
47
*normal brain for reference*
48
ID the tumor type
oligodendroglioma lots of clear space (myelin)
49
how are tumors diagnosed?
gross appearance/behavior histological architecture and cell pattern cell characteristics
50
give the term for this gross appearance
pedunculated/polyploid
51
give the term for this gross appearance
papillary
52
give the term for this gross appearance
ulcerated
53
name the tumor based on appearance
papilloma
54
give the term for this gross appearance
sessile/flat attached to base without a stalk
55
give the term for this gross appearance
annular - ring shaped
56
give the term for this gross appearance
fungating marked ulceration and necrosis, bad smell
57
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
sheet
58
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
packets
59
what tumor type is most likely to have the sheet pattern?
round cell tumors ex: lymphoma, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor
60
what tumor type is most likely to have the packet pattern?
neuroendocrine tumors ex: pheochromocytoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumors
61
ID the tumor type AND pattern
round cell tumor, sheets lymphoma
62
ID the tumor
chemodectoma
63
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
nests
64
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
cords
65
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
lobules
66
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
acini
67
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
tubules
68
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
cystic
69
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
whorls
70
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
papillary
71
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
bundles
72
what tumor type is most likely to have the nest pattern?
invasive carcinoma
73
what tumor type is most likely to have the cord pattern?
epithelial tumor
74
what tumor type is most likely to have the lobule pattern?
epithelial tumor
75
what tumor type is most likely to have the acini pattern?
glandular epithelial origin
76
what tumor type is most likely to have the tubule pattern?
glandular epithelial origin
77
what tumor type is most likely to have the cystic pattern?
glandular tumor ex: cystadenocarcinoma
78
what tumor type is most likely to have the whorl pattern?
mesenchymal (CT) tumor
79
what tumor type is most likely to have the papillary pattern?
glandular tumors
80
what tumor type is most likely to have the bundle pattern?
mesenchymal tumor
81
define bengin vs malignant tumors
benign - no invasion or metastasis malignant - local invasion, metastitize, can kill host
82
ID pathology
meningioma benign neoplasm of meningeal epithelium
83
complete the chart

Pathology (12 decks)

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