Disorders of Growth & Neoplasia Flashcards
what is the significance of preneoplastic changes?
related to understanding that tumors develop in a step-wise fashion
what can induce hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia?
genetic and epigenetic changes
which of the following are preneoplastic changes?
which of the following terms could be used to describe changes that persist during transition from preneoplasia to neoplasia?
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
metaplasia and dysplasia
define metaplasia
reversible exchange within tissue of one mature cell type for another mature cell type
requires reprogramming of reserve cells (stem cell)
list examples of metaplasia
*hormonal changes and chronic inflammation
vitamin A deficiency - columnar/cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous
chronic pyometra - squamous
describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia
squamous/epithelial metaplasia - chronic distemper virus
describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia
mesenchymal metaplasia
describe the change and ID type of preneoplasia
myxomatous metaplasia - slender spindles mesenchymal cells separated by pale basophilic myxoid matrix
what stain is used to ID mucopolysaccharide in myxomatous metaplasia?
alcian blue stain
abundant mucopolysaccharide indicative of myxomatous metaplasisa
define dysplasia
atypical differentiation, disordered arrangement
partially reversible
**common at sites of chronic inflammation
list common features of dysplasia
increased variation in cell size/shape
increased N:C ratio (nucleus:cytoplasm)
increased/abnormal mitosis
disorganized cell arrangement
ID type of pre-neoplasia
epidermal hyperplasia
ID type of pre-neoplasia
epidermal dysplasia
describe the difference between the two images
disordered arrangement of epithelial cells on R image with high N:C ratio, pleomorphism (size variation)
ID which is neoplasia vs pre-neoplasia
no visible basement membrane on R image - neoplasia
list some extrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation
list some intrinsic factors that influence neoplastic transformation
list some viral/infectious factors that influence neoplastic transformation
ID pathology and what it was likely caused by
splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma (in white pulp)
list the steps of tumor development
- initiation - genetic, irreversible change in cell population
- promotion - nongenetic, reversible, promotes cell proliferation, not considered mutagenic, does not affect DNA directly
- progression - genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible, own blood supply, proliferation, detaching and moving to distant sites
which of the following stages of tumor development are reversible and irreversible?
reversible - promotion
irreversible - initiation and progression
one gram of tumor is equal to ___ cells
10^9 cells
list the three heritable alterations that contribute to cancer phenotype
DNA mutation
epigenetic changes
chromosomal changes
list some common characteristics of neoplasia
loss of function or unregulated function
genomic instability - unstable telomeres, DNA damage, gene alteration, DNA repair mechanisms fail
define -oma
benign tumor
define -carcinoma
malignant tumor
EPITHELIAL origin
define -sarcoma
malignant tumor
MESENCHYMAL origin
ID the tumor types
carcinoma - more cohesive
sarcoma - cells look more separated, elongated/spindle nucleus
describe what a fibroma consists of
BENIGN
consists of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable
**more collagen
describe what a fibrosarcoma consists of
MALIGNANT
composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump/elongated nuclei, moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm
**sparse/no mature collagen, more cells
ID tumor type
fibroma
ID tumor type
fibrosarcoma
ID carcinoma vs sarcoma
top - carcinoma since more cohesive
bottom - sarcoma since more separated
Liz Brain
list the benign vs malignant tumor names for the following tissue types
ID the tumor
adenocarcinoma
adeno since glandular
carcinoma since cohesive
ID the tumor
osteosarcoma
osteo since bone (pink osteoid is unmineralized bone)
sarcoma since separation between cells
list the benign vs malignant names for the following round cell tumor types
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor
plasmacytoma
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor
histiocytoma
ID the tumor type
round cell tumor
lymphoma
ID tumor type
round cell tumor
mast cell tumor
what’s the name for an astrocyte tumor?
astrocytoma
what’s the name for oligodendrocyte tumor?
oligodendroglioma
define hamartoma vs choristoma tumor-like lesions
hamartoma - disorganized, mature tissue in normal location
choristoma - disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location (ectopic…)
normal brain for reference
ID the tumor type
oligodendroglioma
lots of clear space (myelin)
how are tumors diagnosed?
gross appearance/behavior
histological architecture and cell pattern
cell characteristics
give the term for this gross appearance
pedunculated/polyploid
give the term for this gross appearance
papillary
give the term for this gross appearance
ulcerated
name the tumor based on appearance
papilloma
give the term for this gross appearance
sessile/flat
attached to base without a stalk
give the term for this gross appearance
annular - ring shaped
give the term for this gross appearance
fungating
marked ulceration and necrosis, bad smell
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
sheet
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
packets
what tumor type is most likely to have the sheet pattern?
round cell tumors
ex: lymphoma, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor
what tumor type is most likely to have the packet pattern?
neuroendocrine tumors
ex: pheochromocytoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumors
ID the tumor type AND pattern
round cell tumor, sheets
lymphoma
ID the tumor
chemodectoma
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
nests
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
cords
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
lobules
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
acini
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
tubules
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
cystic
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
whorls
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
papillary
ID the characteristic pattern of this tumor
bundles
what tumor type is most likely to have the nest pattern?
invasive carcinoma
what tumor type is most likely to have the cord pattern?
epithelial tumor
what tumor type is most likely to have the lobule pattern?
epithelial tumor
what tumor type is most likely to have the acini pattern?
glandular epithelial origin
what tumor type is most likely to have the tubule pattern?
glandular epithelial origin
what tumor type is most likely to have the cystic pattern?
glandular tumor
ex: cystadenocarcinoma
what tumor type is most likely to have the whorl pattern?
mesenchymal (CT) tumor
what tumor type is most likely to have the papillary pattern?
glandular tumors
what tumor type is most likely to have the bundle pattern?
mesenchymal tumor
define bengin vs malignant tumors
benign - no invasion or metastasis
malignant - local invasion, metastitize, can kill host
ID pathology
meningioma
benign neoplasm of meningeal epithelium
complete the chart
