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MicroBio - Parasitology > Tissue Nematodes - Cal > Flashcards

Tissue Nematodes - Cal Flashcards

1
Q

Trichinella spiralis mode of infection?

A

Ingestion of undercooked meat

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2
Q

Trichinella spiralis infective stage?

A

Encysted larva

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3
Q

As adults in the intestine, trichinella can cause mild to severe diarrhea.

However, larval migration can lead to ____, causing allergic rxns (potentially fatal)

A

eisinophilia

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4
Q

Trichinella can become encysted in striated muscle, causing?

A

Rheumatoid pain

Toxic reaction

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5
Q

Trichinella can be fatal if?

A

Toxemia, pneumonitis, myocardial failure, or trichinous encephalitis

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6
Q

Infective third stage larvae encyst in striated muscle.

A

Non-striated muscle and other tissues do not support development to third stage larvae

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7
Q

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, nausea during ___ of trichinella infection

A

enteral phase

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8
Q

Facial and ____ edema, fever, weakness, malaise, myalgia, urticarial rash, conjunctivitis and conjunctival and subungual hemorrhages appear during systemic phase (larvae disseminate) of trichinella infection

A

periorbital

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9
Q

Pts with high trichinella infection burden may die of?

A

myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia

Chronic cases experience muscle pain

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10
Q

Consider Trichinosis in patients presenting with myositis, eosinophilia (what percentage?), fever, elevated creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase

A

40-50%

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11
Q

Trichinella specimen of choice?

A

Muscle biopsy

Larvae in striated muscle Surrounded by a longitudinal capsule

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12
Q

Trichinella Found in undercooked pork and game meats where?

A

worldwide

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13
Q

Larvae migrate to striated muscles (severe phase) edema, eosinophilia, myositis, death can occur

Larvae survive in “nurse cells” for about 6 years.

Diagnosis: history, clinical signs, muscle biopsy

Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae (mild phase)

A

Trichinella

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14
Q

Common name: Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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15
Q

Female migration: Severe allergenic reactions

Toxemia: As the female reaches the surface of the body

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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16
Q

Dracunculus medinensis results in blisters where?

A

Usually lower extremities, with severe itching/burning prior to blister rupture

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17
Q

Dracunculus medinensis infective stage?

A

Larva undergoes molt in copepod to become an L3 larva

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18
Q

Dracunculus medinensis specimen processing?

A

Removal of the adult by the twist-stick method

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19
Q

Dracunculus medinensis geography?

A

Africa, Asia (India)

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20
Q

Acquired by ingesting an infected copepod, usually in water.

Larvae penetrate into humans deep connective tissue, mate, then migrate to subcutaneous tissues.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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21
Q

Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Wucheria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

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22
Q

Mainly blood/lymphatic organisms.

Generally transmitted via bites from flies/mosquitoes

A

Wucheria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

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23
Q

Once in blood, go to target sites and mature at those locations, causing symptoms

Symptoms include inflammation and swelling due to edema or blockage of vessels

A

Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

(most are tropical diseases)

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24
Q

INfective stage of wucheria bancrofti?

And Brugia malayi?

A

mosquito takes a blood meal, allowing L3 larval to enter host skin

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25
Q

Host habitat for wucheria bancrofti?

A

Lymphatic

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26
Q

Infective form: Filariform larva

Mode of infection: Inoculation

A

wucheria bancrofti

27
Q

Common name: Elephantiasis worm

A

wucheria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

28
Q

Pathogenesis: Elephantiasis, fibrosis, thrombi, lymphatic inflammation, granulomatous infiltration

A

wucheria bancrofti

29
Q

Often asymptomatic. Often noticed as acute adenolymphangitis with fever and swelling of the leg, arm, or male genitalia but Chronic swelling of the legs and compromised lymphatic drainage may result in secondary bacterial infections and sclerosis and verrucous changes of the overlying skin

A

wucheria bancrofti

30
Q

History is important. Exposure to mosquitoes in endemic areas

Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears. Best obtained at night.

DIURNAL

A

wucheria bancrofti

31
Q

Consider these to be similar enough to W. bancrofti for treatment purposes…

Except this is found more in the Orient

A

Brugia malayi

32
Q

Found in Africa, India, SE Asia, South America W. bancrofti is most prevalent,

B. malayi in isolated pockets of?

A

SE Asia

33
Q

Adults in lymphatics, microfilariae in blood vessels around the lungs or peripheral areas.

Symptoms: from adult worms, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, can lead to elephantiasis
Diagnosis: Blood test for microfilariae

A

B. malayi

W. bancrofti

Lymphatic filiarisis

34
Q

Common name: Eyeworm

A

Loa loa

35
Q

Pathogenesis: Calabar swelling, urticaria, fever, neurologic symptoms, allergenic responses, irritation and destruction of ocular tissues

A

Loa loa

36
Q

Calabar swelling?

A

Loa loa

37
Q

Habitat: The subcutaneous and deep connective tissue

A

Loa loa

38
Q

Tabanid fly, chrysops fly

mango fly

A

Loa loa

39
Q

Reservoir host for loa loa?

A

monkey

40
Q

Infective form for Loa Loa

A

filariform

41
Q

Diagnostic stage of loa loa?

A

Sheathed microfilariae found in spinal fluid, urine, sputum

42
Q

Most persons are asymptomatic. Transient Calabar swellings are noted in some

Renal complications (hematuria, proteinuria) and encephalitis may be noted after treatment with diethylcarbamazine

A

Loa loa

43
Q

AKA the African Eye Worm

Central and W Africa.

A

Loa loa

44
Q

No Wolbachia symbiont

A

Loa loa

45
Q

Common name: Blinding filariasis; river blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

46
Q

Onchocerca volvulus infective stage?

A

L3 larva from bite of blackfly

47
Q

Onchocerca volvulus intermediate host?

A

Blackfly (buffalo gnat)

48
Q

Adults live in subcutaneous nodules

Pathology is the host’s inflammatory response to the microfilariae

In the eye, microfilariae initially elicit punctate keratitis which can progress to a sclerosing keratitis and blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

49
Q

may cause inguinal lymph node fibrosis and atrophy of overlying skin that leads to hanging groin

A

Onchocerca volvulus

50
Q

Geographical distribution of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Central and northern South America and Africa

51
Q

Symptoms: Nodules on head (SA), lower trunk (Africa), pruritic skin reactions, “leopard skin”, hanging groin, progressive blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

52
Q

Actually a symptom of larval movement in tissues.

A

Visceral/Cutaneous Larval Migrans

53
Q

will occur in gut tissues, caused by several species, of which Toxocara spp. are best known

A

Visceral Larval Migrans

54
Q

occurs under skin (often termed “creeping eruption”) and many species of worms may cause this (e.g. Ascaris spp. and various hookworms)

A

CutaneousLarval Migrans

55
Q

Caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

Ingestion of infective eggs is the root cause of the problem

A

Visceral Larval Migrans

56
Q

Found wherever dogs and cats are found

Puppies can be infected via transplacentally or through breast milk

A

Visceral Larval Migrans

57
Q

Toxocara canis infective stage?

A

embryonated egg

58
Q

Usually in children < 6 years old
Most have generalized symptoms such as cough, fever, and wheezing
Liver frequently involved, hepatomegaly is common
Lungs, spleen, skin are other sites involved

A

Toxocara canis

59
Q

“leopard skin”

A

O. volvulus

60
Q

Larval forms leave focal site and migrate through tissues to new sites to mature

A

Visceral Larval Migrans

61
Q

Diagnosis is definitively confirmed by finding larvae in affected tissue by histologic examination

A

Toxocara

62
Q

Sites characterized by inflammation, damage, and pruritic skin lesions

Long term/deeper infections may have allergic conditions and toxemia reactions

A

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

63
Q

Organisms may form granulomas in tissues

A

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

64
Q

“Creeping Eruption”

A

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

MicroBio - Parasitology (14 decks)

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